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Chemical Substance
Definition 1: Chemical substance or mixture. [40 CFR 790.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Either a chemical substance or mixture unless otherwise indicated. [40 CFR 704.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and any chemical element or uncombined radical; except that “chemical substance” does not include:(1) Any mixture;(2) Any pesticide when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a pesticide;(3) Tobacco or any tobacco product, but not including any derivative products;(4) Any source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material;(5) Any pistol, firearm, revolver, shells, and cartridges; and(6) Any food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device, when manufactured, processed, or distributed. [Definition truncated. For full definition see, 40 CFR 710.3 (CFR 2018)]
Definition 4: Chemical substance or mixture unless otherwise indicated. [40 CFR 717.3 (CFR 2018)]
Definition 5: Meaning given it in section 3(2) of the Act, 15 U.S.C. 2602(2). [40 CFR 2.306 (CFR 2018)]
+ Ketones
Definition: Organic compounds (as acetone) with a carbonyl group attached to two carbon atoms. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
- Acetone
Definition:
CAS 67-64-1 Acetone is a manufactured chemical that is also found naturally in the environment. It is a colorless liquid with a distinct smell and taste. It evaporates easily, is flammable, and dissolves in water. It is also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, and beta-ketopropane. Acetone is used to make plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals. It is also used to dissolve other substances. It occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, forest fires, and as a product of the breakdown of body fat. It is present in vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and landfill sites. Industrial processes contribute more acetone to the environment than natural processes. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Avobenzone
Definition:
Commercial sunscreen agent which absorbs most ultraviolet (UV) radiation
- Bupropion
Definition:
A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH}]
+ Metals and Metalloid Compounds
- Alkali Metal Hydroxides
- Antimony and Antimony Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains antimony as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
+
Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds
Definition 1:
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains arsenic as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Arsenic
Definition 1:
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element widely distributed in the earth's crust. In the environment, arsenic is combined with oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur to form inorganic arsenic compounds. Arsenic in animals and plants combines with carbon and hydrogen to form organic arsenic compounds. Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Total arsenic. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Total arsenic, Parameter 6. [40 CFR 444.11 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Total arsenic. P6. [40 CFR 445.2 (CFR 2013)]
- Chromated Copper Arsenate
Definition 1:
A water-borne preservative containing active ingredients that are inorganic metal oxides, or less frequently salts, and are commonly used to treat dimensional lumber and telephone poles. [RCRA Glossary of Terms]
Definition 2:
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) is used to make "pressure-treated" lumber. CCA is no longer used in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 3:
Chemical wood preservative consisting of mixtures of water-soluble chemicals containing metal oxides of chromium, copper, and arsenic. CCA is used in pressure treated wood to protect wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. [40 CFR 63.11433 (CFR 2013)]
- Gallium Arsenide
Definition:
Cystalline, high-efficiency compound used to make certain types of solar cells and semiconductor material. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
- Indium Arsenide
- Monomethylarsenic Acid
Definition:
Molecular formula CH5AsO3; Molecular weight 139.9702 g/mol. White hygroscopic solid is various forms. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
+
Cadmium Compounds
- Cadmate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentapotassium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68309-98-8 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Calcium Carbide
Definition:
Material containing 70 to 85 percent calcium carbide by weight.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
+
Chromium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains chromium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. (except for chromite ore mined in the Transvaal Region of South Africa and the unreacted ore component of the chromite ore processing residue (COPR). COPR is the solid waste remaining after aqueous extraction of oxidized chromite ore that has been combined with soda ash and kiln roasted at approximately 2,000 °F.) [TRI Glossary]
- Material Containing Chromium
Definition:
Material that contains chromium (Cr, atomic number 24) in amounts greater than or equal to 0.1 percent by weight. [40 CFR 63.11627 (CFR 2013)]
+
Lead Compounds
- Lead Bearing Material
Definition:
Material with a lead content equal to or greater than 5 mg/l as measured by EPA Method 1311 (Under Method 1311, only materials with at least 100 ppm lead will be considered to be lead bearing).[40 CFR 63.542 (CFR 2018)]
- Lead Oxide
+
Lithium Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule. [MeSH]
- Lithium Carbonate
Definition:
A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [MeSH]
+
Manganese Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule. [MeSH]
- Material Containing Manganese
Definition:
Material that contains manganese (Mn, atomic number 25) in amounts greater than or equal to 1.0 percent by weight. [40 CFR 63.11627 (CFR 2013)]
- Organic Manganese Compounds
Definition:
Common organic manganese compounds include pesticides, such as maneb or mancozeb, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines. Manganese is an essential trace element and is necessary for good health. Manganese can be found in several food items, including grains and cereals, and is found in high amounts in other foods, such as tea. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
+
Mercury Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule. [MeSH]
+
Metal Chelates
- Cuprate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentapotassium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
67989-89-3 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Iron Cyanide Compounds
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentaammonium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-86-1 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentapotassium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-87-2 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentasodium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-88-3 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
+
Metal Oxides
- Calcium Oxide
- Iron Oxide
- Lead Oxide
- Lime
Definition 1:
Calcium oxide or other alkaline reagent. [40 CFR 63.1503 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Generic term for a variety of chemical compounds that are produced by the calcination of limestone or dolomite. These products include but are not limited to calcium oxide, high-calcium quicklime, calcium hydroxide, hydrated lime, dolomitic quicklime, and dolomitic hydrate. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
+
Metal Salts
+
Calcium Salts
Definition:
Products of the reaction of calcium hydroxide with any acid.
+
Calcium Carbonate
Definition:
A molecule consisting of calcium, carbon and oxygen that is secreted by corals, forming their skeleton; it also secreted by mollusks (clams, oysters, etc.), forming their protective shells. [NOAA Paleoclimatology Climate Glossary]
- Calcium Chloride
Definition:
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
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Inorganic Sodium Salts
Definition:
Salts consisting of a sodium cation and an inorganic anion.
- Sodium Carbonate
Definition:
The disodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property. When dissolved in water, sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. As a strong base, sodium hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting as an antacid. [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Sodium Hydroxide
Definition:
A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sodium Tetraborate
Definition:
A naturally occurring mineral and sodium salt of boric acid with many commercial uses.
+
Magnesium Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Magnesium Oxide
Definition:
Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Magnesium Peroxide
Definition:
MgO2. An oxygen-releasing compound that is used in bioremediation of soil and in aiding the decomposition of biological wastes.
+
Potassium Salts
- Potassium Carbonate
Definition:
The dipotassium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property. [Adapted from National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Potassium Hydroxide
Definition:
A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparation of some drugs. [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Potassium Metaborate
- Potassium Nitrate
Definition:
A crystalline salt, KNO3; a strong oxidizer used especially in making gunpowder, as a fertilizer, and in medicine. [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Negative Cobalt Coordination Compounds
+
Nickel and Nickel Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains nickel as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
+
Negative Nickel Coordination Compounds
Scope Note: KW Toxics 700-799
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentaammonium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-86-1 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentapotassium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-87-2 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentasodium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-88-3 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickel
Definition 1:
A malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that is strong and corrosion-resistant, occurring principally in pentlandite and niccolite: used in alloys, especially in toughening steel, in electroplating, and as a catalyst in organic synthesis. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Total nickel. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentaammonium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-86-1 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis- [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentapotassium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-87-2 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Nickelate (6-), [[[1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis [phosphonato]] (8-)]-, pentasodium hydrogen, (OC-6-21)-
Definition:
68958-88-3 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
+
Organometallics
Definition:
Molecules containing carbon-metal linkage; a compound containing an alkyl or aryl radical bonded to a metal. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Methylmercury
Definition 1:
Mercury also combines with carbon to make organic mercury compounds. The most common one, methylmercury, is produced mainly by microscopic organisms in the water and soil. More mercury in the environment can increase the amounts of methylmercury that these small organisms make. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
An organic form of mercury, created from metallic or elemental mercury by bacteria in sediments. Methylmercury is easily absorbed into the living tissue of aquatic organisms and is not easily eliminated. Therefore, it accumulates in organisms at the top of food chains such as tuna or humans. It can cause adverse effects in children exposed before or after birth.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Organic Manganese Compounds
Definition:
Common organic manganese compounds include pesticides, such as maneb or mancozeb, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines. Manganese is an essential trace element and is necessary for good health. Manganese can be found in several food items, including grains and cereals, and is found in high amounts in other foods, such as tea. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
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Organotins
Definition:
Chemical compounds used in anti-foulant paints to protect the hulls of boats and ships, buoys and pilings from marine organisms such as barnacles. (Source: EPAGLO) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Tributyl Tin
Definition:
Organotin compounds with the (C4H9)3Sn group. A biocide
- Tributyltin Chloride
Definition:
C12H27ClSn. The chloride salt of tributyltine. Used as a processing aid, specific to petroleum production. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Triphenyltin Chloride
- Zirconium Complex
+ Monomer
Definition 1: Chemical substance that has the capacity to form links between two or more other molecules. [40 CFR 704.25 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Chemical substance that is capable of forming covalent bonds with two or more like or unlike molecules under the conditions of the relevant polymer-forming reaction used for the particular process. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Chemical substance that is capable of forming covalent bonds with two or more like or unlike molecules under the conditions of the relevant polymer-forming reaction used for the particular process.[EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+
Monomer Unit
Definition:
Reacted form of the monomer in a polymer. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
- Internal Monomer Unit
Definition 1:
Monomer unit that is covalently bonded to at least two other molecules. Internal monomer units of polymer molecules are chemically derived from monomer molecules that have formed covalent bonds between two or more other monomer molecules or other reactants. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Monomer unit of a polymer molecule that is covalently bonded to at least two other molecules. Internal monomer units of polymer molecules are chemically derived from monomer molecules that have formed covalent bonds between two or more other monomer molecules or other reactants.[EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
- Sequence
Definition:
Continuous string of monomer units within the molecule that are covalently bonded to one another and are uninterrupted by units other than monomer units. [EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+ Mycotoxins
Definition: Secondary metabolites of certain species of fungi (molds) Approx. 300 listed mycotoxins Genera of toxigenic fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium Mycotoxins of greatest importance worldwide: aflatoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A and ergot alkaloids. [FDA Animal & Veterinary Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/Contaminants/ucm050974.htm]
- Aflatoxins
Definition:
Aflatoxins produce acute necrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma of the liver in a number of animal species; no animal species is resistant to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins; hence it is logical to assume that humans may be similarly affected. A wide variation in LD50 values has been obtained in animal species tested with single doses of aflatoxins. For most species, the LD50 value ranges from 0.5 to 10 mg/kg body weight. Animal species respond differently in their susceptibility to the chronic and acute toxicity of aflatoxins. The toxicity can be influenced by environmental factors, exposure level, and duration of exposure, age, health, and nutritional status of diet. Aflatoxin B1 is a very potent carcinogen in many species, including nonhuman primates, birds, fish, and rodents. In each species, the liver is the primary target organ of acute injury. Metabolism plays a major role in determining the toxicity of aflatoxin B1; studies show that this aflatoxion requires metabolic activation to exert its carcinogenic effect, and these effects can be modified by induction or inhibition of the mixed function oxidase system. [FDA Bad Bug Book]
- Altenuene
Definition:
An Alternaria mycotoxin metabolite. A poisonous substance generated by certain fungi.
- Alternariol
Definition:
An Alternaria mycotoxin. A poisonous substance generated by certain fungi.
- Altertoxins
Definition:
An Alternaria mycotoxin. A poisonous substance generated by certain fungi.
- B Nitropropionic Acid
Definition:
A mycotoxin, poisonous substance generated by certain fungi.
- Cyclopiazonic Acid
Definition:
A fungal metabolism intermediate. A mycotoxin.
- Deoxynivalenol
Definition:
A mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that infect corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice, and other grains [Adapted from Deoxynivalenol and its Toxicity at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
+
Ergot Alkaloids
Definition:
The main ergot alkaloid, ergotamine, has vasoconstrictive properties that can cause swollen limbs, and alternating burning and cold sensations in the fingers, hands, and feet (St. Anthony’s Fire). [USDA Grain Fungal Diseases & Mycotoxin Reference at http://archive.gipsa.usda.gov/pubs/mycobook.pdf]
- Ergotamine
Definition:
A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of migraine disorders. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)].
- Fumonisins
Definition:
Produced by Fusarium sp. (F. verticillioides) found worldwide, mainly in corn and particularly corn screenings high levels associated with hot and dry weather, followed by periods of high humidity. three major fumonisins in feed are B1, B2 & B3 (B1 + B2 + B3 = total fumonisins) most susceptible species are horses (equine leukoencephalomalacia) and rabbits. suspected carcinogens. [FDA Animal & Veterinary Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/Contaminants/ucm050974.htm]
- Kojic Acid
- Maltoryzine
Definition:
A new toxic metabolite produced by a strain of Aspergillus oryzae var. microsporus isolated from the poisonous malt sprout. [NLM Toxnet Toxicology Data Network]
- Nivalenol
Definition:
Nivalenol is produced by the Fusarium nivale fungi and has also only recently been isolated. Little is known of its growth cycle or habitat range. Studies have shown it to be much rarer in occurrence and has only been found in a few samples of barley, wheat, wheat flour, and rice. [USDA Grain Fungal Diseases & Mycotoxin Reference at http://archive.gipsa.usda.gov/pubs/mycobook.pdf]
- Ochratoxin A
Definition:
Produced by Aspergillus sp. (A. ochraceus) and Penicillium sp. (P. viridicatum) Highest levels usually found in cereal grains (corn, barley, wheat and rye) At least nine ochratoxins identified, but ochratoxin A is the most common and has the greatest toxicological significance Nephrotoxic and a suspected carcinogen No FDA action, advisory or guidance levels established for ochratoxin A in US feed. [FDA Animal & Veterinary Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/Contaminants/ucm050974.htm]
- Patulin
Definition:
Patulin is a mycotoxin that is produced by certain species of Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochylamys molds that may grow on a variety of foods including fruit, grains, and cheese. Patulin has been found to occur in a number of foods including apple juice, apples and pears with brown rot (Harwig et al. 1973, Brain et al. 1956), flour (Hasseltine and Graves, 1966), and malt feed (Ukai et al. 1954). However, given the nature of the food, the manufacturing processes, or consumption practices for many foods, patulin does not appear to pose a safety concern, with the exception of apple juice (Fritz, 1981). For instance, the rotten portions of most fruits and grains typically are removed prior to consumption. In foods such as cheese, the high cysteine content of the food interacts with patulin to render it inactive (Ciegler et al., 1977). Patulin is reported to be destroyed by fermentation and thus is not found in either alcoholic fruit beverages or vinegars produced from fruit juices. Thermal processing appears to cause only moderate reductions in patulin levels, thus patulin present in apple juice will survive the pasteurization processes (IARC 1986, WHO 1990, Harrison 1989, McKinley and Carlton, 1991). [FDA Protecting and Promoting Your Health at http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/NaturalToxins/ucm212520.htm]
- Penicillic Acid
Definition:
A crystalline antibiotic unsaturated keto acid C8H10O4 or the tautomeric hydroxy lactone produced by several molds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus [Merriam-Webster Dictionary]
- Tenuazonic Acid
Definition:
An Alternaria mycotoxin. A poisonous substance generated by certain fungi.
+
Trichothecenes
Definition:
Trichothecene mycotoxins might be weaponized and dispersed through the air or mixed in food or beverages. Initially, route-specific effects are typically prominent. Dermal exposure leads to burning pain, redness, and blisters, and oral exposure leads to vomiting and diarrhea. Ocular exposure might result in blurred vision, and inhalational exposure might cause nasal irritation and cough. Systemic symptoms can develop with all routes of exposure and might include weakness, ataxia, hypotension, coagulopathy, and death. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response]
- Ht-2 Toxin
Definition:
T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin are mycotoxins of the group trichothecenes type A produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus which are commonly found in various cereal crops (wheat, maize, barley, oats, and rye) and processed grains (malt, beer and bread). T-2-and HT-2 toxin often occur together in infected cereals. The fungi producing trichothecenes are soil fungi and are important plant pathogens which grow on the crop in the field (cited in Eriksen and Alexander, 1998). HT-2 toxin (Toxin HT 2): 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-a,4-b,8-a,15-tetraol 15 acetate 8- isovalerate, C22H32O8, MW 424.54, CAS no.: 26934-87-2 [EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Opinion of the Scientific Committe on Food at http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out88_en.pdf]
- T-2 Toxin
Definition:
T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol belong to a large group of structurally-related sesquiterpenes known as the ´trichothecenes'. T-2 toxin is produced on cereals in many parts of the world and is particularly associated with prolonged wet weather at harvest. It is the probable cause of ´alimentary toxic aleukia' (ATA), a disease (IARC, 1993b) which affected thousands of people in Siberia during the Second World War, leading to the elimination of entire villages. The symptoms of ATA included fever, vomiting, acute inflammation of the alimentary tract and a variety of blood abnormalities. T-2 toxin is responsible for outbreaks of haemorrhagic disease in animals and is associated with the formation of oral lesions and neurotoxic effects in poultry. The most significant effect of T-2 toxin (and other trichothecenes) is the immunosuppressive activity which has been clearly demonstrated in experimental animals; and which is probably linked to the inhibitory effect of this toxin on the biosynthesis of macromolecules. There is limited evidence that T-2 toxin may be carcinogenic in experimental animals. [FAO Corporate Document Depository at http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1390e/y1390e04.htm]
- Vomitoxin
Definition:
Produced by members of genus Fusarium (especially F. graminearum) commonly found on wheat, barley, rye and oats reported most frequently in cool, temperate regions (northern U.S. and Canada) member of the trichothecene family of mycotoxins inhibitor of protein synthesis, affecting GI tract and immune system swine most susceptible -- causing vomiting and feed refusal. [FDA Animal & Veterinary Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/Contaminants/ucm050974.htm]
- Zearalenone
Definition:
Produced by Fusarium sp. (primarily F. graminearum) Common substrates are corn, wheat, barley, occasionally oats Production favored by high humidity and low temperatures Estrogenic mycotoxin, swine most susceptible – vulvar swelling in gilts Toxicity related to reproductive system No FDA action, advisory or guidance levels established for zearalenone in US feed. [FDA Animal & Veterinary Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/Contaminants/ucm050974.htm]
+ Natural Fiber
- Dry Raw Wool
Definition:
Dry raw wool as it is received by the wool scouring mill. [40 CFR 410.11 (CFR 2017)]
- Wool Fiber
Definition:
Dry wool and other fibers as received at the wool finsihing mill for processing into wool and blended products. [40 CFR 410.21 (CFR 2017)]
+ Nitrogen Containing Compounds
+
Amides
Definition:
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Acetaminophen
Definition:
Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Scope Note: CASRN 103-90-2
- Caprolactam
- Carbamide
Definition 1:
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Soluble weakly basic nitrogenous compound (CH4N2O) that is the chief solid component of mammalian urine and an end product of protein decomposition and that is administered intravenously as a diuretic drug -- called also carbamide. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
+
Chloroacetamides
Definition:
Pre-emergent herbicides.
+
Alachlor
Definition:
A herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soybean fields. [Terms of Environment]
- Acetanilide Degradation Product
- Butachlor
Definition:
Pre-emergent herbicide.
- Metolachlor
Definition:
Pre-emergent herbicide.
- Furosemide
Definition:
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for edema and chronic renal insufficiency.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- N,N-Diethylmetatoluamide
Definition:
An ingredient of insect repellents. [CDC Malaria Glossary]
+
Polyamides
Definition:
Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Polyacrylamide
Definition:
CASRN 9003-05-8
- Urea
Definition 1:
A soluble weakly basic nitrogenous compound (CH4N2O) that is the chief solid component of mammalian urine and an end product of protein decomposition and that is administered intravenously as a diuretic drug -- called also carbamide. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
Definition 2:
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Amines
Definition 1:
One of a class of organic compounds which can be considered to be derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogens by organic radicals. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
An organic compound containing a basic (alkaline) nitrogen atom. Amines may be primary (R-NH2), secondary (R2NH) or tertiary (R3N). [EPA's Safer Choice Standard (February 2015) https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-12/documents/standard-for-safer-products.pdf]
- Metformin
Definition:
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- N-Nitroso-Acetoxymethylmethylamine
- N-Nitroso-Dimethylamine
- Nitrosamines
Definition:
A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Phenethylamines
Definition:
A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Verapamil
Definition:
A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH}]
- Sertraline
Definition:
A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Tamoxifen
Definition:
One of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Terazozin
- Tramadol
Definition:
A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Triethanolamine Zirconate
Definition:
The zirconate (oxyanion containing zirconium) salt of triethanolamine which is a strong base and both a tertiary amine and a triol.
- 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
Definition:
(CAS No. 101-14-4) is subject to reporting under this section. The substance also is identified as 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chlorobenzenamine) and MBOCA. [40 CFR 704.175 (CFR 2013)]
- 11-Aminodecanoic Acid
Definition:
Chemical substance, CAS Number 2432-99-7.(2) [40 CFR 704.25 (CFR 2013)]
- Benzidine
Definition:
Compound benzidine and its salts as identified by the chemical name 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl. [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Bisoprolol
Definition:
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Chloramines
Definition:
Compounds formed by the reaction of hypochlorous acid (or aqueous chlorine) with ammonia. [Drinking Water Technical & Legal Terms]
- Diethylnitrosamine
Definition:
A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Fluoxetine
Definition:
The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Histamine
Definition:
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Ammonium Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that include a positively charged tetrahedral nitrogen (ammonium ion) as part of their structure. This class of compounds includes a broad variety of simple ammonium salts and derivatives. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)].
- Tetramethyl Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
C4H12ClN. A quaternary ammonium salt and high production volume chemical with multiple uses.
- Ammonium Persulfate
Definition:
Ammonium persulfate is a white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Ammonium Sulfate
- Choline Chloride
Definition:
A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. The quaternary ammonium salt has a choline cation with chloride anion. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Diammonium Phosphate
- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Cl-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Definition:
Type of organic nitrogen compound in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to four organic groups as well as an acid radical of some sort. [40 CFR 63.2550 (CFR 2013)]
+
Carbamates
Definition:
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as polyurethanes. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of isocyanates and the singular term urethane refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Carbachol
Definition:
A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Dichlorvos
Definition:
Dichlorvos is an insecticide that is a dense colorless liquid. It has a sweetish smell and readily mixes with water. Dichlorvos used in pest control is diluted with other chemicals and used as a spray. It can also be incorporated into plastic that slowly releases the chemical. Dichlorvos is used for insect control in food storage areas, green houses, and barns, and control of insects on livestock. It is not generally used on outdoor crops. Dichlorvos is sometimes used for insect control in workplaces and in the home. Veterinarians use it to control parasites on pets. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- N-Methyl Carbamate
- Chlorpyrifos
Definition:
CASRN 2921-88-2
- Imidazoles
Definition:
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES). [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Isocyanate
Definition:
Reactive chemical grouping composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom; or a chemical compound, usually organic, containing one or more isocyanate groups. [40 CFR 63.1292 (CFR 2013)]
- Diisocyanate
Definition:
Compound containing two isocyanate groups per molecule. The most common diisocyanate compounds used in the flexible polyurethane foam industry are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). [40 CFR 63.1292 (CFR 2013)]
+
Neonicotinoids
Definition:
A class of insecticides that are structurally similar to NICOTINE and have physiologically similar effects as agonists of NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS, but are less toxic to vertebrates. They are widely used in agriculture. [MeSH]
- Clothianidin
Definition:
A neonicotinoid insecticide which acts on the insect central nervous system. Less toxic to mammals than some insecticides, but poses higher risks to honey bee populations
- Imidacloprid
Definition:
A systemic neonicotinoid insecticide
- Thiamethoxam
Definition:
A systemic neonicotinoid insecticide
- Nitrile Resin
Definition:
Resin produced through the polymerization of acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and butadiene latex using an emulsion process. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
+
Nitriles
Definition:
Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE. [MeSH]
+
Pyrimidines
Definition:
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
- Barbiturates
Definition:
A class of drugs characterized as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Barbiturate compounds bind to the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby increasing the influx of chloride ions into the neuron and subsequently causing hyperpolarization, which produces a decrease in neuronal transmission. Other barbiturate effects in the CNS may include modulation of sodium and calcium channels as well as inhibition of glutamate-mediated excitation. Although the effects of barbiturates are seen throughout the CNS, the predominant effect occurs in the midbrain region, the part of the brain associated with arousal. CNS depressive effects associated with this drug class include mild sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, and coma as well as a decrease in seizure activity. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
+
Triazines
Definition:
Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as herbicides. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Atrazine
Definition:
CASARN 1912-24-9 Atrazine is an herbicide that does not occur naturally. Pure atrazine is an odorless, white powder that is not very volatile, reactive, or flammable and that will dissolve in water. Atrazine is used to kill weeds, primarily on farms, but has also been used on highway and railroad rights-of-way. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
+ Nonmetals
Definition: A chemical element that is not classed as a metal because it does not exhibit most of the typical metallic properties. An element that, in general, is characterized chemically by the ability to form anions, acidic oxides and acids, and stable compounds with hydrogen. [IRS Coal Excise Tax - Appendix I, Glossary of Mining Terms]
- Hydrogen
Definition:
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Oxygen
Definition:
A gaseous chemical element; an essential element in cellular respiration and in combustion processes; the most abundant element in the earth's crust and about 20% of the air by volume. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Ozone
Definition 1:
Three molecule oxygen compound found in two layers of the earth's atmosphere. One layer of beneficial ozone occurs at seven to 18 miles above the surface and shields the earth from ultraviolet light. Several holes in this protective layer have been documented by scientists. Ozone also concentrates at the surface as a result of reactions between by-products of fossil fuel combustion and sunlight, having harmful health effects. [Environmental Issues Glossary]
Definition 2:
Colorless gas with a pungent odor, having the molecular form O3.[40 CFR 59.503 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
O3 [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
While ozone in the stratosphere can help protect us from ultraviolet rays, ground-level ozone poses health risks. Ground-level ozone does not come from a single source, but is formed in the air through a complex series of reactions involving light and chemical precursors like Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Human and naturally occurring processes contribute to Ozone concentrations via NOₓ and VOC emissions. Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and people with lung diseases such as asthma. Ground level ozone can also have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation and ecosystems. [Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Glossary]
Definition 5:
Ozone, the triatomic form of oxygen (O₃), is a gaseous atmospheric constituent. In the troposphere, it is created by photochemical reactions involving gases resulting both from natural sources and from human activities (photochemical smog). In high concentrations, tropospheric ozone can be harmful to a wide range of living organisms. Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere, ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen (O2). Stratospheric ozone plays a decisive role in the stratospheric radiative balance. Depletion of stratospheric ozone, due to chemical reactions that may be enhanced by climate change, results in an increased ground-level flux of ultraviolet (UV-) B radiation.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
+
Peroxides
Definition:
A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Organic Peroxides
Definition:
Organic compounds containing the bivalent -o-o-structure which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical. [40 CFR 63.2550 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphorus
Definition 1:
An essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphorus-containing materials into surface waters. [Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Glossary]
Definition 2:
Type of nutrient contributing to the Bay's poor water quality. While phosphorus is vital to plant life, human activities--like applying fertilizers or using household cleaners--contribute more phosphorus than the Bay's waters can handle. Elevated phosphorus levels cause more algae to grow, blocking out sunlight and reducing oxygen for fish, crabs and other Bay life. [Chesapeake Bay Program Glossary]
+ Organophosphorus Compounds
- Cyclophosphamide
Definition:
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Diphosphonates
Definition:
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Alendronate
Definition:
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Scope Note: CAS RN 66376-36-1
- Fosinopril
Definition:
A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat. Year introduced: 1993 [
- Ifosfamide
Definition:
Positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediyl-bis[nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis-
Definition:
1429-50-1 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediyl-bis[nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis-, ammonium salt
Definition:
57011-27-5 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediyl-bis[nitrilobis(methylene)]] tetrakis-, hexasodium Salt
Definition:
15142-96-8 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediyl-bis[nitrilobis(methylene)]] tetrakis-, potassium salt
Definition:
34274-30-1 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis-, octaammonium salt
Definition:
68901-17-7 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
- Phosphonic Acid, [1,2-ethanediylbis [nitrilobis (methylene)]] tetrakis-, tetrapotassium salt
Definition:
68188-96-5 [40 CFR 704.95 (CFR 2013)]
+
Phosphonic Acid Salt
Definition:
Salt of alkyl or aryl derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Glyphosate
Definition 1:
CASRN: 1071-83-6 is a non-selective herbicide registered for use on many food and non-food field crops as well as non-crop areas where total vegetation control is desired. [NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank]
Definition 2:
CASRN 1071-83-6
- Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium Sulfate
Definition:
C8H24O12P2S. A corrosion inhibitor and anti-scaling agent. [Adapted from NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
+ Plastic Material
Definition: Synthetic organic polymer (i.e., a thermoset polymer, a thermoplastic polymer, or a combination of a natural polymer and a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer) that is solid in its final form and that was shaped by flow. The material can be either a homogeneous polymer or a polymer combined with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, stabilizers, or other additives. [40 CFR 463.2 (CFR 2013)]
+
Plastics
Definition:
Fiber reinforced plastic composites. [40 CFR 63.11180 (CFR 2013)]
- Chlorinated Plastics
Definition:
Solid polymeric materials that contain chlorine in the polymer chain, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC copolymers. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.10906 (CFR 2013)]
+
Microplastics
Definition 1:
Plastic particles, less than 5 millimeters in diameter, that are generated from the degradation of larger pieces or are manufactured to be microstructures or smaller. [MeSH]
Definition 2:
small plastic pieces less than five millimeters long which can be harmful to our ocean and aquatic life. [Adapted from NOAA webiste]
Definition 3:
Solid synthetic polymer particulates with a size < 5 mm.
- Nanoplastics
Definition:
Plastic particles smaller than 1 nm [Microplastics Research, https://www.epa.gov/water-research/microplastics-research]
+ Polymer
Definition 1: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2: Any of the natural or synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight that consist of many repeated links, each link being a relatively light and simple molecule. [40 CFR 60.601 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Chemical substance consisting of molecules characterized by the sequence of one or more types of monomer units and comprising a simple weight majority of molecules containing at least 3 monomer units which are covalently bound to at least one other monomer unit or other reactant and which consists of less than a simple weight majority of molecules of the same molecular weight. Such molecules must be distributed over a range of molecular weights wherein differences in the molecular weight are primarily attributable to differences in the number of monomer units. In the context of this definition, sequence means that the monomer units under consideration are covalently bound to one another and form a continuous string within the molecule, uninterrupted by units other than monomer units. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Chemical substance that consists of at least a simple weight majority of polymer molecules but consists of less than a simple weight majority of molecules with the same molecular weight. Collectively, such polymer molecules must be distributed over a range of molecular weights wherein differences in molecular weight are primarily attributable to differences in the number of internal subunits. [40 CFR 704.25 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5: Chemical substance consisting of molecules characterized by the sequence of one or more types of monomer units and comprising a simple weight majority of molecules containing at least 3 monomer units which are covalently bound to at least one other monomer unit or other reactant and which consists of less than a simple weight majority of molecules of the same molecular weight. Such molecules must be distributed over a range of molecular weights wherein differences in the molecular weight are primarily attributable to differences in the number of monomer units.[EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
Definition 6: Chemical substance consisting of molecules characterized by the sequence of one or more types of monomer units and comprising a simple weight majority of molecules containing at least three monomer units which are covalently bound to at least one other monomer unit or other reactant and which consists of less than a simple weight majority of molecules of the same molecular weight. [EPA's Safer Choice Standard (February 2015) https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-12/documents/standard-for-safer-products.pdf]
- Biodegradable Plastics
Definition:
Organic polymeric materials which can be broken down by naturally occurring processes. This includes plastics created from bio-based or petrochemical-based materials. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Biopolymer
Definition 1:
Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially amino acids; nucleotides; and carbohydrates. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Polymer directly produced by living or once-living cells or cellular components. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
- Cellulosics
Definition:
Cellulosics are thermoplastic resins manufactured by chemical modification of cellulose [(C6H10O5)n]. Included are: cellophane—regenerated cellulose made by mixing cellulose xanthate [ROCSSH] with a dilute sodium hydroxide [NaOH] solution to form a viscose, then extruding the viscose into an acid bath for regeneration; cellulose acetate—an acetic acid ester [CH3COOC2H5] of cellulose; cellulose acetate butyrate—a mixed ester produced by treating fibrous cellulose with butyric acid [CH3CH2CH2COOH], butyric anhydride [(CH3CH2CH2CO)2O], acetic acid [CH3COOH] and acetic anhydride [(CH3CO)2O] in the presence of sulfuric acid [H2SO4]; cellulose propionate— formed by treating fibrous cellulose with propionic acid [CH3CH2CO2H] and acetic acid and anhydrides in the presence of sulfuric acid; cellulose nitrate—made by treati
- Modified Cellulosics
- Natural Rubber
Definition:
A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice ( LATEX) of HEVEA brasiliensis and other trees and plants. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retract rapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Polysaccharide Blend
- Guar Gum
Definition:
CASRN 9000-30-0
- Block Polymer
Definition:
Polymer where the polymerization is controlled, usually by performing discrete polymerization steps, such that the final polymer is arranged in a distinct pattern of repeating units of the same monomer.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Cationic Polymer
Definition 1:
Polymer that contains a net positively charged atom(s) or associated groups of atoms covalently linked to its polymer molecule. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Polymer that contains a net positively charged atom(s) or associated group(s) of atoms covalently linked to the polymer molecule. This includes, but is not limited to phosphonium, sulfonium, and ammonium cations. [EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+
Copolymer
Definition:
Polymer that has two different repeat units in its chain. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Acid Copolymer
Definition:
Acid copolymers are the copolymers of ethylene and acrylic acid,
- Acrylamide and Sodium Acrylate Copolymer
+
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resin
Definition:
Styrenic terpolymers consisting primarily of acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, and styrene monomer units. ABS is usually composed of a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer continuous phase with dispersed butadiene derived rubber. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Latex Resin
Definition:
ABS produced through an emulsion process; however, the product is not coagulated or dried as typically occurs in an emulsion process. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2016)]
- Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate Resin
Definition:
Resin formed using acrylic ester-based elastomers to impact-modify styrene acrylonitrile resin matrices. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Alpha Methyl Styrene Acrylonitrile Resin
Definition:
Copolymers consisting primarily of alpha methyl styrene and acrylonitrile. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Block Copolymers
Definition:
Copolymers where the repeating units are in varying length blocks.
- Graft Polymers
Definition:
Polymers where the branching unit is different from the repeat units of the long chain.
- Ionomers
Definition:
Ionically cross-linked thermoplastic polymers. They have hydrogen and ionic bonds.
- Methyl Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene Resin
Definition:
Styrenic polymers containing methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and styrene. Production of MBS is achieved using an emulsion process in which methyl methacrylate and styrene are grafted onto a styrene-butadiene rubber. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
+
Styrene Acrylonitrile Resin
Definition:
Copolymers consisting primarily of styrene and acrylonitrile monomer units. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Alpha Methyl Styrene Acrylonitrile Resin
Definition:
Copolymers consisting primarily of alpha methyl styrene and acrylonitrile. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
+
Elastomer
Definition:
Any polymer having a glass transition temperature lower than −10 °C, or a glass transition temperature between −10 °C and 25 °C that is capable of undergoing deformation (stretching) of several hundred percent and recovering essentially when the stress is removed. For the purposes of this subpart, resins are not considered to be elastomers.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Epichlorohydrin Elastomer
Definition:
Elastomer formed from the polymerization or copolymerization of epichlorohydrin (EPI). The main epichlorohydrin elastomers are polyepichlorohydrin, epi-ethylene oxide (EO) copolymer, epi-allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) copolymer, and epi-EO-AGE terpolymer. Epoxies produced by the copolymerization of EPI and bisphenol A are not epichlorohydrin elastomers.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Ethylene-Propylene Rubber
Definition:
Ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene terpolymer. Ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM) result from the polymerization of ethylene and propylene and contain a saturated chain of the polymethylene type. Ethylene-propylene terpolymers (EPDM) are produced in a similar manner as EPM, except that a third monomer is added to the reaction sequence. Typical third monomers include ethylidene norbornene, 1,4-hexadiene, or dicyclopentadiene. Ethylidene norbornene is the most commonly used. The production process includes, but is not limited to, polymerization, recycle, recovery, and packaging operations. The polymerization reaction may occur in either a solution process or a suspension process.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Expandable Polystyrene Resin
Definition:
Polystyrene bead to which a blowing agent has been added using either an in-situ suspension process or a post-impregnation suspension process. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers
Definition:
Fluorocarbon-based molecules which have a small number of repeating units.
- Fluorotelomers
Definition:
Products of telomerization, which is the reaction of a telogen (such as pentafluoroethyl iodide) with an ethylenic compound (such as tetrafluoroethylene) to form low molecular weight polymeric compounds, which contain an array of saturated carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other (C-C bonds) and to fluorine atoms (C-F bonds). This array is predominantly a straight chain, and depending on the telogen used produces a compound having an even number of carbon atoms. However, the carbon chain length of the fluorotelomer varies widely. The perfluoroalkyl groups formed by this process are usually, but do not have to be, connected to the polymer through a functionalized ethylene group as indicated by the following structural diagram: (Rf-CH2CH2-Anything). [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Scope Note: KW Toxics 700-799
- High Viscosity Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Definition:
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) that has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.9 or higher and is used in such applications as tire cord and seat belts. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Homopolymers
Definition:
Polymers that incorporate a single monomer.
+
Inorganic Polymers
- Siloxanes
Definition:
Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Internal Subunit
Definition:
Subunit that is covalently linked to at least two other subunits. Internal subunits of polymer molecules are chemically derived from monomer molecules that have formed covalent links between two or more other molecules. [40 CFR 704.25]
- Low Viscosity Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Definition:
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) that has an intrinsic viscosity of less than 0.75 and is used in such applications as clothing, bottle, and film production. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Methyl Methacrylate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resin
Definition:
Styrenic polymers containing methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. MABS is prepared by dissolving or dispersing polybutadiene rubber in a mixture of methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-styrene and butadiene monomer. The graft polymerization is carried out by a bulk or a suspension process. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Molecular Subunit
Definition 1:
Subunit that is covalently linked to at least two other subunits. Internal subunits of polymer molecules are chemically derived from monomer molecules that have formed covalent links between two or more other molecules. [40 CFR 704.25 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Atom or group of associated atoms chemically derived from corresponding reactants. [40 CFR 704.25 (CFR 2013)]
- Neoprene
Definition:
Polymer of chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene). The free radical emulsion process is generally used to produce neoprene, although other methods may be used. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Nitrile Butadiene Latex
Definition:
Polymer consisting primarily of unsaturated nitriles and dienes, usually acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene, that is sold as a latex.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
Definition:
Polymer consisting primarily of unsaturated nitriles and dienes, usually acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene, not including nitrile butadiene latex.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Nitrile Resin
Definition:
Resin produced through the polymerization of acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and butadiene latex using an emulsion process. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Nylons
Definition:
Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Oligomer
Definition 1:
Polymer molecule consisting of only a few monomer units (dimer, trimer, tetramer) [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
(In the context of the rule and this manual) - a low molecular weight species derived from the polymerization reaction. [ Adapted from EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
- Polycarbonates
Definition:
Polycarbonates are engineering thermoplastic resins produced by (1) phosgenation of dihydric phenols, usually bisphenol A [(CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2], (2) ester exchange between diaryl carbonates and dihydric phenols, usually between diphenyl carbonate [(C6H5O)2CO] and bisphenol A and (3) interfacial polycondensation of bisphenol A and phosgene [COCl2
+
Polyesters
Definition 1:
Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Chemical substance that meets the definition of polymer and whose polymer molecules contain at least two carboxylic acid ester linkages, at least one of which links internal monomer units together. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)]
- Alkyds
Definition:
Alkyds are thermosetting unsaturated polyester resins produced by reacting an organic alcohol with an organic acid, dissolved in and reacted with unsaturated monomers such as styrene [C6H5CHCH2], diallyl phthalate [C6H4(COOCH2CHCH2)2], diacetone acrylamide [CH3COCH2C(CH3)2CHCHCONH2] or vinyl toluene [CH2CHC6H4CH2]. Typical applications are electrical uses, automotive parts, and as coatings.
- Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Definition 1:
Refers to a thermoplastic material used to manufacture plastic soft drink containers and rigid containers. PETE has a high melting point, is clear in its natural state, and has a relatively high density. (U.S. EPA, 1995c) [Measuring Recycling Guidance Glossary]
Definition 2:
Polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate (BHET) by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Resin
Definition:
Polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate by weight. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyether Polyol
Definition:
Compound formed through the polymerization of EO or PO or other cyclic ethers with compounds having one or more reactive hydrogens (i.e., a hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.) to form polyethers (i.e., compounds with two or more ether bonds). This definition of polyether polyol excludes cellulose ethers (such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) and materials regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subparts F, G, and H (the HON), such as glycols and glycol ethers. [40 CFR 63.1423 (CFR 2013)]
+
Polyethers
- Polyethylene Glycols
Definition:
Polymers of ethylene oxides and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as surfactants, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Polyethylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight; see low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- High Density Polyethylene
Definition 1:
Refers to a plastic product in which the ethylene molecules are linked in long chains with few side branches. Examples of products made from HDPE include milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, and garbage containers. (U.S. EPA, 1995c) [Measuring Recycling Guidance Glossary]
Definition 2:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of greater than 0.940 gm/cm33 (58.7 lb/ft3). [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Low Density Polyethylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of 0.940 g/cm3 (58.7 lb/ft3) or less.[40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)].
- Polymer Composites
- Polymeric Resin
Definition:
For the purposes of this subpart, means a polymer with the following characteristics: The polymer is a block polymer; The manufactured polymer does not require vulcanization to make useful products; The polymer production process is operated to achieve at least 99 percent monomer conversion; and The polymer process unit does not recycle unreacted monomer back to the process. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Polymethyl Methacrylate
Definition:
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Polyol
Definition:
For the purpose of this subpart, means a polyether or polyester polymer with more than one reactive hydroxyl group attached to the molecule. [40 CFR 63.1292 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyether Polyol
Definition:
Compound formed through the polymerization of EO or PO or other cyclic ethers with compounds having one or more reactive hydrogens (i.e., a hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.) to form polyethers (i.e., compounds with two or more ether bonds). This definition of polyether polyol excludes cellulose ethers (such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) and materials regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subparts F, G, and H (the HON), such as glycols and glycol ethers. [40 CFR 63.1423 (CFR 2013)]
+
Polyolefins
+
Polyethylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight; see low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- High Density Polyethylene
Definition 1:
Refers to a plastic product in which the ethylene molecules are linked in long chains with few side branches. Examples of products made from HDPE include milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, and garbage containers. (U.S. EPA, 1995c) [Measuring Recycling Guidance Glossary]
Definition 2:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of greater than 0.940 gm/cm33 (58.7 lb/ft3). [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Low Density Polyethylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of 0.940 g/cm3 (58.7 lb/ft3) or less.[40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)].
- Polypropylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent propylene by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Polypropylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent propylene by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
+
Polystyrene
Definition 1:
A polymer of styrene that is a rigid, transparent thermoplastic with good physical and electrical insulating properties, used in molded products, foams, and sheet materials. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 2:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 80 percent styrene or para-methylstyrene by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Expandable Polystyrene
Definition:
Polystyrene bead to which a blowing agent has been added using either an in-situ suspension process or a post-impregnation suspension process. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Polysulfide Rubber
Definition:
Polymer produced by reacting sodium polysulfide and chloroethyl formal. Polysulfide rubber may be produced as latexes or solid product.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Polytetrafluoroethylene
Definition:
Commonly known as TeflonTM.[40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyurethanes
Definition 1:
They are extremely versatile plastics in terms of the forms in which they are available: flexible or rigid foams, solid elastomers (or rubbers), coatings, adhesives and sealants. Their versatility also extends to chemical structure in that, although the urethanes are generally considered to be thermosets, there are grades of urethane elastomers that are thermoplastic in nature and are supplied in pellet form for molding, calendering and extrusion. Polyurethane’s major and best known form, however, is a foamed or “cellular” material. Like all urethanes, the foams are prepared by first reacting two liquid components--polyols and isocyanates--together.
Definition 2:
A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Polyvinyl Alcohol
Definition:
A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Polyvinyl Chloride
Definition 1:
A polymer of vinylchloride. Tasteless, odorless, insoluble in most organic solvents. A member of the family vinyl resin, used in soft flexible films for food packaging and in molded rigid products, such as pipes, fibers, upholstery, and bristles. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 2:
Either polyvinyl chloride homopolymer or polyvinyl chloride copolymer. [40 CFR 63.12005 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyvinyl Chloride Copolymer
Definition:
Synthetic thermoplastic polymer that is derived from the simultaneous polymerization of vinyl chloride and another monomer such as vinyl acetate. Polyvinyl chloride copolymer is produced by different processes, including, but not limited to, suspension, dispersion/emulsion, suspension blending, and solution processes. [40 CFR 63.12005 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyvinyl Chloride Homopolymer
Definition:
Synthetic thermoplastic polymer that is derived from the polymerization of vinyl chloride and has the general chemical structure (-H2CCHCl-)n. Polyvinyl chloride homopolymer is typically a white powder or colorless granule. Polyvinyl chloride homopolymer is produced by different processes, including (but not limited to), suspension, dispersion/emulsion, blending, and bulk processes. [40 CFR 63.12005 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyvinylidene Chloride
Definition:
A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Potentially Cationic Polymer
Definition:
Polymer containing groups that are reasonably anticipated to become cationic. This includes, but is not limited to, all amines (primary, secondary, tertiary, aromatic, etc.) and all isocyanates (which hydrolyze to form carbamic acids, then decarboxylate to form amines).[EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+
Recyclable Plastics
- High Density Polyethylene
Definition 1:
Refers to a plastic product in which the ethylene molecules are linked in long chains with few side branches. Examples of products made from HDPE include milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, and garbage containers. (U.S. EPA, 1995c) [Measuring Recycling Guidance Glossary]
Definition 2:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of greater than 0.940 gm/cm33 (58.7 lb/ft3). [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Low Density Polyethylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent ethylene by weight and having a density of 0.940 g/cm3 (58.7 lb/ft3) or less.[40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)].
- Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Definition 1:
Refers to a thermoplastic material used to manufacture plastic soft drink containers and rigid containers. PETE has a high melting point, is clear in its natural state, and has a relatively high density. (U.S. EPA, 1995c) [Measuring Recycling Guidance Glossary]
Definition 2:
Polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate (BHET) by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Resin
Definition:
Polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate by weight. [40 CFR 63.1312 (CFR 2013)]
- Polypropylene
Definition:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50 percent propylene by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
+
Polystyrene
Definition 1:
A polymer of styrene that is a rigid, transparent thermoplastic with good physical and electrical insulating properties, used in molded products, foams, and sheet materials. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 2:
Thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 80 percent styrene or para-methylstyrene by weight. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Expandable Polystyrene
Definition:
Polystyrene bead to which a blowing agent has been added using either an in-situ suspension process or a post-impregnation suspension process. [40 CFR 60.561 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyvinyl Chloride
Definition 1:
A polymer of vinylchloride. Tasteless, odorless, insoluble in most organic solvents. A member of the family vinyl resin, used in soft flexible films for food packaging and in molded rigid products, such as pipes, fibers, upholstery, and bristles. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 2:
Either polyvinyl chloride homopolymer or polyvinyl chloride copolymer. [40 CFR 63.12005 (CFR 2013)]
- Sodium Polycarboxylate
Definition:
Anionic polymers with a long carbon chain with carboxyl functional groups used by consumers as laundry detergents.
- Styrene Butadiene Latex
Definition:
Polymer consisting primarily of styrene and butadiene monomer units produced using an emulsion process and sold as a latex. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
+
Synthetic Resin
Definition:
Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Amino/Phenolic Resin
Definition:
One or both of the following: (1) Amino resin; or(2) Phenolic resin. [40 CFR 63.1402 (CFR 2013)]
- Amino Resin
Definition:
Thermoset resin produced through the reaction of formaldehyde, or a formaldehyde containing solution (e.g., aqueous formaldehyde), with compound(s) that contain the amino group; these compounds include melamine, urea, and urea derivatives. Formaldehyde substitutes are exclusively aldehydes. [40 CFR 63.1402 (CFR 2013)]
- Non-Solvent-Based Resin
Definition:
Amino/phenolic resin manufactured without the use of a solvent as described in the definition of solvent-based resin. [40 CFR 63.1402 (CFR 2013)]
- Phenolic Resin
Definition:
Thermoset resin that is a condensation product of formaldehyde and phenol, or a formaldehyde substitute and/or a phenol substitute. Substitutes for formaldehyde are exclusively aldehydes and include acetaldehyde or furfuraldehyde. Substitutes for phenol include other phenolic starting compounds such as cresols, xylenols, p-tert-butylphenol, p-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, and resorcinols. [40 CFR 63.1402 (CFR 2013)]
- Bulk Resin
Definition:
Resin which is produced by a polymerization process in which no water is used.[40 CFR 61.61 (CFR 2013)]
+
Latex Resin
Definition 1:
Resin which is produced by a polymerization process which initiates from free radical catalyst sites and is sold undried.[40 CFR 61.61 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Colloidal aqueous emulsion of elastomer. A latex may be further processed into finished products by direct use as a coating or as a foam, or it may be precipitated to separate the rubber particles, which are then used in dry state to prepare finished products. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)] [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2024)]
- High Conversion Latex
Definition:
Latex where all monomers are reacted to at least 95 percent conversion.[40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Solvent-Based Resin
Definition:
Amino/phenolic resin that consumes a solvent (i.e., methanol, xylene) as a reactant in the resin producing reaction. The use of a solvent as a carrier (i.e., adding methanol to the product/water solution after the reaction is complete) does not meet this definition. [40 CFR 63.1402 (CFR 2013)]
+
Synthetic Rubber
+
Butyl Rubber
Definition:
Copolymer of isobutylene and other monomers. Typical other monomers include isoprene and methylstyrene. A typical composition of butyl rubber is approximately 85- to 99-percent isobutylene, and 1- to 15-percent other monomers. Most butyl rubber is produced by precipitation polymerization, although other methods may be used. Halobutyl rubber is a type of butyl rubber elastomer produced using halogenated copolymers. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2018)]
- Polybutadiene Rubber by Solution
Definition:
Polymer of 1,3-butadiene produced using a solution process. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2024)]
- Styrene Butadiene Rubber by Emulsion
Definition:
Polymer consisting primarily of styrene and butadiene monomer units produced using an emulsion process. Styrene butadiene rubber by emulsion does not include styrene butadiene latex. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2024)]
- Styrene Butadiene Rubber by Solution
Definition:
Polymer that consists primarily of styrene and butadiene monomer units and is produced using a solution process. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2024)]
- Hypalon
Definition:
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene that is a synthetic rubber produced for uses such as wire and cable insulation, shoe soles and heels, automotive components, and building products. [40 CFR 63.482 (CFR 2024)]
- Water-Absorbing Polymer
Definition:
Polymeric substance that is capable of absorbing its weight of water.[EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+ Pyrethrins
Definition: Pyrethrins are naturally-occurring coµmpounds with insecticidal properties that are found in pyrethrum extract froµm certain chrysanthemum flowers. The pyrethrins are often used in household insecticides and products to control insects on pets or livestock.[CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Pyrethroids
Definition 1:
Pyrethroids are manufactured chemicals that are very similar in structure to the pyrethrins, but are often more toxic to insects as well as to mammals, and last longer in the environment than the pyrethrins. More than 1,000 synthetic pyrethroids have been developed, but less than a dozen of them are currently used in the United States. Permethrin is the most frequently used pyrethroid in the United States. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
A class of insecticides derived from the natural pyrethrins. [CDC Malaria Glossary]
+ Radionuclide
Definition 1: A nuclide that exhibits radioactivity. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2: Radioactive particle, man-made or natural, with a distinct atomic weight number. Emits radiation in the form of alpha or beta particles, or as gamma rays. Can have a long life as soil or water pollutant. Prolonged exposure to radionuclides increases the risk of cancer. [EPA Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources: Progress Report at http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/pdfs/hf-report20121214.pdf]
Definition 3: Type of atom which spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay. [40 CFR 61.101 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 61.91 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Radioactive forms of elements are called radionuclides. Radium-226, Cesium-137, and Strontium-90 are examples of radionuclides. [Radiation Protection Radiation Glossary]
Definition 5: Radioactive isotopes resulting from (1) the fission of heavy nuclei of elements such as uranium and plutonium, or (2) the reaction of neutrons with stable nuclei. [Basic Concepts in Environmental Sciences]
Definition 6: Any man-made or natural element that emits radiation and that may cause cancer after many years of exposure through drinking water. [Drinking Water Glossary 2009]
- Cesium-137
Definition:
A radioactive cesium isotope. A byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons tests that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s and from nuclear reactor accidents, such as the Chernobyl power plant accident in 1986, which distributed Cs-137 to many countries in Europe. [Adapted from CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/cesium.asp]
+
Nuclear Material
Definition:
Source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material (as such terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and regulations issued under such Act). [40 CFR 751.503 (CFR 2024)]
- Special Nuclear Material
Definition 1:
Meaning contained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2014 et seq., and the regulations issued thereunder [40 CFR 710.3 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 720.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Special nuclear materials are (i) plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material that the NRC determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; or (ii) any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source material. [EPA Emergency Responder Health and Safety Manual - Chapter 8: Radiation Safety Program]
- Radon
Definition 1:
A colorless, odorless naturally occurring radioactive gas formed by the breakdown or decay of radium or uranium in soil or rocks like granite. Radon is fairly soluble in water, so well water may contain radon. is fairly soluble in water, so well water may contain radon. [Private Wells Glossary]
Definition 2:
A naturally occurring radioactive gas found inthe United States in nearly all types of soil, rock, and water. It can migrate into most buildings. Studies have linked high concentrations of radon to lung cancer. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
- Uranium-235
Definition:
A naturally-occurring isotope of uranium. U-235 can be concentrated in a process called “enrichment,” making it suitable for use in nuclear reactors or weapons. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/uranium.asp]
- Uranium-238
Definition:
The most abundant naturally-occurring uranium isotope.
+ Silicon and Silicon Compounds
+
Silica
Definition:
SiO2
- Pozzolanic
Definition:
Siliceous material which when combined with calcium hydroxide in the presence of moisture exhibits cementitious properties. [40 CFR 273.9 (CFR 2013)]
- Silicon Carbide
Definition:
Artificial abrasive produced from silica sand or quartz and petroleum coke. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
+ Synthetic Fiber
Definition: Any fiber composed partially or entirely of materials made by chemical synthesis, or made partially or entirely from chemically-modified naturally-occurring materials.[40 CFR 60.601 (CFR 2013)]
- Acrylic Fiber
Definition:
Manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of acrylonitrile units. [40 CFR 60.601 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.11398 (CFR 2013)]
+
Fiberglass
- Textile Fiberglass
Definition:
Fibrous glass in the form of continuous strands having uniform thickness. [40 CFR 60.291 (CFR 2013)]
- Modacrylic Fiber
Definition:
Manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 35 percent by weight of acrylonitrile units but less than 85 percent by weight of acrylonitrile units. [40 CFR 63.11398 (CFR 2013)]
- Rayon Fiber
Definition:
Manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15 percent of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups. [40 CFR 60.601 (CFR 2013)]
- Solvent-Spun Synthetic Fiber
Definition:
Any synthetic fiber produced by a process that uses an organic solvent in the spinning solution, the precipitation bath, or processing of the sun fiber. [40 CFR 60.601(CFR 2013)]
- Spandex Fiber
Definition:
Manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85 percent of a segmented polyurethane. [40 CFR 60.601 (CFR 2013)]
+ Synthetic Prostaglandins
- Xalatan
Definition:
A prostaglandin F2alpha analogue and a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist with an ocular hypertensive effect. Latanoprost increases uveoscleral outflow and thereby reduces intraocular pressure. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
+ Vegetable Oil
Definition 1: Oils extracted from vegetation. [40 CFR 63.11237 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Oils extracted from vegetation that are generally used as a feedstock in making biodiesel. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Non-petroleum oil or fat of vegetable origin, including but not limited to oils and fats derived from plant seeds, nuts, fruits, and kernels. [40 CFR 112.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Non-petroleum oil or fat of vegetable origin, including but not limited to oils and fats derived from plant seeds, nuts, fruits, and kernels. Vegetable oils are further classified based on specific gravity as follows:(1) Group A—specific gravity less than 0.8.(2) Group B—specific gravity equal to or greater than 0.8 and less than 1.0.(3) Group C—specific gravity equal to or greater than 1.0.1.2.10 Other definitions are included in § 112.2, section 1.1 of appendix C, and section 3.0 of appendix F. [Appendix E to 40 CFR 112 (CFR 2013)]
- Canola Oil
Definition:
Oil from the plants Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, or Sinapis arvensis and which typically contains less than 2 percent erucic acid in the component fatty acids obtained. [40 CFR 80.401 (2023)] [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
- Palm Oil
- Rapeseed Oil
Definition:
Oil obtained from the plants Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, or Brassica juncea. [40 CFR 80.401 (2023)] [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
- Wax
Definition 1: Organic mixture or compound with low melting point and high molecular weight, which is solid at room temperature. Waxes are generally similar in composition to fats and oils except that they contain no glycerides. “Wax” includes, but is not limited to, substances such as carnauba wax, lanolin, and beeswax derived from the secretions of plants and animals; substances of a mineral origin such as ozocerite, montan, and paraffin; and synthetic substances such as chlorinated naphthalenes and ethylenic polymers.[40 CFR 59.202 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Solid or semi-solid material at 77 °F consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained or derived from petroleum fractions, or through a Fischer-Tropsch type process, in which the straight chained paraffin series predominates. This includes all marketable wax, whether crude or refined, with a congealing point between 80 (or 85) and 240 °F and a maximum oil content of 50 weight percent. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillates or residues. Light-colored, more or less translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included are all marketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Used primarily as industrial coating for surface protection.[Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
+ Acids and Acid Salts
Definition 1: Any of various typically water-soluble and sour compounds that in solution are capable of reacting with a base to form a salt, that redden litmus, that have a pH less than 7, and that are hydrogen-containing molecules or ions able to give up a proton to a base or are substances able to accept an unshared pair of electrons from a base. [CDC The Emergency Response Safey and Health Database Glossary]
Definition 2: A solution that has a pH value lower than 7 [Superfund]
Definition 3: A substance that has a pH of less than 7, which is neutral. Specifically, an acid has more free hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-). [USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms]
Definition 4: Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Acid Mist
Definition:
Sulfuric acid mist, as measured by Method 8 of appendix A to this part or an equivalent or alternative method. [40 CFR 60.81 (CFR 2013)]
+
Carboxylic Acids
Definition:
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- p-tert-Butylbenzoic Acid
Definition:
Substance p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, also identified as 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzoic acid, CAS No. 98-73-7. [40 CFR 704.33 (CFR 2013)]
- Propoxyphene
Definition:
A narcotic analgesic structurally related to methadone. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Quinapril
Definition:
Quinapril is a prodrug and non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Quinapril is hydrolized into its active form quinaprilat, which binds to and inhibits ACE, thereby blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Sodium Erythorbate
Definition:
Almost odorless fluffy, white to off-white crystalline powder. Used as an antioxidant and preservative. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Thioglycolic Acid
Definition 1:
Thioglycolic acid is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Density 1.325 g / cm3. Used to make permanent wave solutions and depilatories. Corrosive to metals and tissue. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
Definition 2:
CASRN 68-11-1
+
Acetic Acid
Definition 1:
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
An acid with the structure of C2H4O2. Acetyl groups are bound through an ester linkage to hemicellulose chains—especially xylans—in wood and other plants. The natural moisture present in plants hydrolyzes the acetyl groups to acetic acid, particularly at elevated temperatures. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
+
Haloacetic Acids
Definition:
Five haloacetic acid constituents are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. Haloacetic acids occur when naturally-occurring organic and inorganic materials in the water react with the disinfectants, chlorine and chloramine. [EPA Basic Information about Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Total Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic Acids, Bromate, and Chlorite at http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfm]
- Bromoacetic Acid
Definition:
CH2BrCO2H. Acetic acid with a bromine atom substituted for a methyl hydrogen atom. An alkylating agent.
- Bromochloroacetic Acid
Definition:
C2H2BrClO2. Acetic acid where a chlorine atom has been substituted for one methyl hydrogen and a bromine atom has been substituted for another methyl hydrogen atom. A chlorination disinfection by-product
- Chloroacetic Acid
Definition:
Acetic acid with a chlorine atom substituted for a methyl hydrogen atom. Commonly used as a reactant in organic synthesis reactions.
- Dibromoacetic Acid
Definition:
Water disinfection by-product. Acetic acid where two methyl hydrogen atoms are replaced by bromine atoms.
- Dichloroacetic Acid
Definition:
Acetic acid where two methyl hydrogen atoms are replaced by bromine atoms. A chlorination disinfection by-product
- Trichloroacetic Acid
Definition 1:
A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Acetic acid where chlorine atoms replace the three methyl hydrogen atoms.
- Citric Acid
Definition 1:
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
CAS RN 77-92-9
- Clofibrate
Definition:
A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type III and severe hypertriglyceridemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Diatrizoate
Definition:
A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As Diatrizoate meglumine and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Diclofenac
Definition:
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ( NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Domoic Acid
Definition 1:
An acidic cyanotoxin found associated with certain diatom blooms. Domoic acid can bioaccumulate in marine organisms that feed on the phytoplankton, such as shellfish and some fishes. In mammals, including humans, domoic acid is a neurotoxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) , causing short term memory loss, brain damage, and in severe cases, death. [NOAA Coral Reef Glossary]
Definition 2:
CASRN 14277-97-5
- Fexofenadine
Definition:
A second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Formic Acid
Definition:
Formula CH2O2. Molecular weight: 46.0254. Simplest carboxylic acid. [Adapted from NIST Material Measurement Laboratory Standard Reference Data Program Chemistry Webbook at http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook]
- Gemfibrozil
Definition:
A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Ibuprofen
Definition:
Ibuprofen (eye" bue proe' fen) is a propionic acid NSAID similar to ketoprofen and naproxen. Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is a potent inhibitor of cellular cyclooxygenases (Cox-1 and Cox-2) which blocks the formation of prostaglandin, prostacyclin and thromboxane products, important mediators of inflammation and pain. Ibuprofen has analgesic as well as anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. [NLM LiverTox at http://livertox.nih.gov/Ibuprofen.htm]
- Ketoprofen
Definition:
An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Mercaptoacetic Acid
Definition 1:
Thioglycolic acid is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Density 1.325 g / cm3. Used to make permanent wave solutions and depilatories. Corrosive to metals and tissue. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
Definition 2:
CASRN 68-11-1
+
Noncarboxylic Acids and Salts
Definition:
Inorganic acids or salts with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Boric Acids
Definition:
Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Carbonic Acid
Definition 1:
(H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
CASRN 463-79-6
+
Hydrochloric Acid and Salts
Definition:
A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water; a poisonous, pungent liquid forming a constant-boiling mixture at 20% concentration in water; widely used as a reagent, in organic synthesis, in acidizing oil wells, ore reduction, food processing, and metal cleaning and pickling. Also known as muriatic acid. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Alkali Chlorides
- Calcium Chloride
Definition:
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Magnesium Chloride
Definition:
Inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [MeSH]
- Potassium Chloride
- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Cl-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sodium Chloride
Definition:
Table salt. A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Tetramethyl Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
C4H12ClN. A quaternary ammonium salt and high production volume chemical with multiple uses.
- Hydrocyanic Acid
Definition:
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Monomethylarsenic Acid
Definition:
Molecular formula CH5AsO3; Molecular weight 139.9702 g/mol. White hygroscopic solid is various forms. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
+
Nitric Acid
Definition 1:
A highly reactive oxidizing agent obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulfuric acid. [NOAA Paleoclimatology Climate Glossary]
Definition 2:
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 3:
HNO3 [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Weak Nitric Acid
Definition:
Acid which is 30 to 70 percent in strength.[40 CFR 60.71a (CFR 2013)]
+
Phosphonic Acid Salt
Definition:
Salt of alkyl or aryl derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Glyphosate
Definition 1:
CASRN: 1071-83-6 is a non-selective herbicide registered for use on many food and non-food field crops as well as non-crop areas where total vegetation control is desired. [NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank]
Definition 2:
CASRN 1071-83-6
- Phosphoric Acid
Definition:
Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfuric Acid
Definition:
An acid that can be produced in the atmosphere from sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that results from the burning of fossil fuels. [Acid Rain Glossary]
+ Alcohols
Definition 1: A group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methanol and ethanol. (Source: EIADOE) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group; CH(3)-(CH(2))n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol).[DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 3: An organic compound with a carbon bound to a hydroxyl (hydrogen and oxygen, or –OH) group. Examples are methanol, CH3OH, and ethanol, CH3CH2OH. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
- 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol
Definition:
A clear, colorless liquid, which is reported to smell like licorice. It is used in a coal industry in the separation of usable coal from rocks, debris and cold dust. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Symptoms of MCHM exposure include: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headaches, diarrhea, reddened skin, itching, and rashes. In the days immediately following January 9, 2014, the West Virginia Poison Center received calls from over 1,900 patients reporting chemical exposures related to the drinking water. Most reported symptoms included mild rashes and reddened skin from dermal exposure, or GI distress (nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea) from ingesting contaminated water. The symptoms tended to be mild and self-limiting. It was possible that the symptoms reported to be caused by exposure to MCHM could have been caused by other mild clinical illness such as colds or flu or other viral infections. Results of laboratory tests done in the Emergency Department did not indicate any people had new kidney or liver damage. [NLM TOXNET Toxicology Data Network at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov]
- Alcohol
Definition:
Mixture containing 85 percent or more by volume methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols, in any combination. [40 CFR 600.002 (CFR 2013)]
- Bisoprolol
Definition:
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Ethanol
Definition 1:
A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the anhydrous state. In transportation, ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (E100), blended with gasoline (E85), or as a gasoline octane enhancer and oxygenate (10 percent concentration). [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
A colorless liquid, miscible with water, used as a reagent and solvent. Also known as alcohol; ethyl alcohol; grain alcohol. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Anhydrous alcohol with molecular formula C2H5OH. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Ethanol means a fuel that contains at least 50 percent ethanol (ethyl alcohol, (C2H5OH)) by volume. [40 CFR 92.2 (CFR 2013)]
- Anhydrous Ethanol
Definition:
Ethanol that contains no more than 1.0 volume percent water. [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Brew Ethanol
Definition:
Ethanol in fermenter liquid. [40 CFR 63.2192 (CFR 2013)]
- Cellulosic Biomass Ethanol
Definition 1:
Cellulosic biomass ethanol means either of the following:(1) Ethanol derived from any lignocellulosic or hemicellulosic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis and includes any of the following:(i) Dedicated energy crops and trees.(ii) Wood and wood residues.(iii) Plants.(iv) Grasses.(v) Agricultural residues.(vi) Animal wastes and other waste materials, the latter of which may include waste materials that are residues (e.g., residual tops, branches, and limbs from a tree farm).(vii) Municipal solid waste [40 CFR 80.1101 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Ethanol made at facilities at which animal wastes or other waste materials are digested or otherwise used onsite to displace 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel that is combusted to produce thermal energy integral to the process of making ethanol, by:(i) The direct combustion of the waste materials or a byproduct resulting from digestion of such waste materials (e.g., methane from animal wastes) to make thermal energy; and/or(ii) The use of waste heat captured from an off-site combustion process as a source of thermal energy.(b) Waste derived ethanol means ethanol derived from either of the following:(1) Animal wastes, including poultry fats and poultry wastes, and other waste materials.(2) Municipal solid waste.(c) Biogas means methane or other hydrocarbon gas produced from decaying organic material, including landfills, sewage waste treatment plants, and animal feedlots.(d) Renewable fuel. [40 CFR 80.1101 (CFR 2013)]
- Undenatured Ethanol
Definition:
Liquid that meets one of the definitions in paragraph (1) of this definition: (1)(i) Ethanol that has not been denatured as required in 27 CFR parts 19 through 21. (ii) Specially denatured alcohol as defined in 27 CFR 21.11. (2) Undenatured ethanol is not renewable fuel. [40 CFR 80.1401 (2023)] [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
- Furfuryl Alcohol
- Gasoline-Grade tertiary Butyl Alcohol
Definition:
(CH3)3COH, An alcohol as described in “Oxygenates.” [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Scope Note: KW Air 50-99
- Isopropanol
Definition:
An isomer of 1-propanol. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Methanol
Definition 1:
Used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis. Capable of deicing mixtures and preservatives. Toxic. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Fuel that contains at least 50 percent methanol (methyl alcohol, (CH3OH)) by volume. [40 CFR 92.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
CH3OH. An alcohol as described in “Oxygenates.” [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
CASRN 67-56-1
Definition 5:
Any fuel sold for use in motor vehicles and commonly known or commercially sold as methanol or MXX, where XX is the percent methanol (CH3OH) by volume. [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2013)]
- Metoprolol
Definition:
A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat angina pectoris; hypertension; and cardiac arrhythmias.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Oxygenate Compound
Definition:
Oxygen-containing, ashless organic compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as a fuel or fuel additive. [40 CFR 79.2 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 79.50 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Oxygenate
Definition:
Any substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the oxygen content of that gasoline. Lawful use of any of the substances or any combination of these substances requires that they be ‘‘substantially similar’’ under section 211(f)(1) of the Clean Air Act, or be permitted under a waiver granted by the Administrator under the authority of section 211(f)(4) of the Clean Air Act [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2013)] 40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)
- Tertiary Butyl Alcohol
Definition:
Tert-butyl alcohol is a colorless oily liquid with a sharp alcohol odor. Floats and mixes with water. Produces irritating vapor. Freezing point is 78 °F. (USCG, 1999) [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Tramadol
Definition:
A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+ Aldehydes
Definition 1: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2: Any of a class of highly reactive organic chemical compounds characterized by the common group CHO and used in the manufacture of resins, dyes, and organic acids. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
- 4-Hydroxynonenal
Definition:
Cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Acetaldehyde
Definition:
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Formaldehyde
Definition 1:
A colorless, pungent, and irritating gas, CH20, used chiefly as a disinfectant and preservative and in synthesizing other compounds like resins. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A colorless, pungent-smelling gas; an important hazardous air pollutant. High concentrations may trigger attacks in people with asthma. Sources include environmental tobacco smoke and other combustion sources; pressed wood products (such as particle board); and certain textiles, foams, and glues. [America's Children and the Envrionment Terms]
Definition 3:
A chemical used as a preservative and in bonding agents. It is found in household products such as plywood, furniture, carpets, and some types of foam insulation. It is also a by-product of combustion and is a strong-smelling, colorless gas that is an eye irritant and can cause sneezing, coughing, and other health problems.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Glossary of Energy-Related Terms]
- Glutaraldehyde
Definition:
One of the protein cross-linking reagents that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- p-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde
Definition:
Substance p-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, also identified as 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzaldehyde, CAS No. 939-97-9. [40 CFR 704.33 (CFR 2013)]
- Propionaldehyde
+ Alkaloids
Definition: Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Ergot Alkaloids
Definition:
The main ergot alkaloid, ergotamine, has vasoconstrictive properties that can cause swollen limbs, and alternating burning and cold sensations in the fingers, hands, and feet (St. Anthony’s Fire). [USDA Grain Fungal Diseases & Mycotoxin Reference at http://archive.gipsa.usda.gov/pubs/mycobook.pdf]
- Ergotamine
Definition:
A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of migraine disorders. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)].
- Hydrocodone
Definition:
Narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Nicotine and Salts (1.0)
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains nicotine or a nicotine salt as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Oxycodone
Definition:
A semisynthetic derivative of codeine. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Definition:
A group of alkaloids, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the Boraginaceae; Compositae; and Leguminosae plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic cytotoxins. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Strychnine and Salts (1.0)
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains strychnine or a strychnine salt as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
+ Carbon
Definition: Symbol C--A naturally abundant nonmetallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds, exists freely as graphite and diamond and as a constituent of coal, limestone, and petroleum, and is capable of chemical self-bonding to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically, and commercially important molecules. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
- Activated Carbon
Definition:
Adsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained by heating carbon (such as wood). these particles or granules have a high capacity to selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials from water. [Drinking Water Technical and Legal 2009]
+
Organic Compound
Definition 1:
As used in the definitions of intermediate and PAI, any compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen with or without other elements. [40 CFR 63.1361 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Animal or plant-produced substances containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. [Adapted from Aquatic Biodiversity Glossary]
- Non-Methane Organic Gas
Definition:
As in section 241(3) Clean Air Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 7581(3)). [40 CFR 88.102-94 (CFR 2013)]
- Nonmethane Organic Compounds
Definition:
Nonmethane organic compounds, as measured according to the provisions of § 60.754.[40 CFR 60.751 (CFR 2013)]
- Chemical Substance (CFR Exceptions)
Definition 1: Any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and any chemical element or uncombined radical; except that “chemical substance” does not include:(1) Any mixture,(2) Any pesticide when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a pesticide,(3) Tobacco or any tobacco product, but not including any derivative products,(4) Any source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material,(5) Any pistol, firearm, revolver, shells, and cartridges, and(6) Any food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device, when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device. [40 CFR 710.3 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 720.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Same meaning as in § 720.3 of this chapter. [40 CFR 723.250 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 747.115 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 747.195 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 747.200 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3: Same meaning as in section 3 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 2602).(6) [40 CFR 723.175 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Same meaning as in section 3 of the Act. [40 CFR 763.163 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5: Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this definition, means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including: Any combination of such substances occurring in whole or part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and any element or uncombined radical.(2) Such term does not include: Any mixture; any pesticide (as defined in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a pesticide; tobacco or any tobacco product; any source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material (as such terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and regulations issued under such Act); any article the sale of which is subject to the tax imposed by section 4181 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (determined without regard to any exemptions from such tax provided by section 4182 or section 4221 or any provisions of such Code); and any food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device (as such terms are defined in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device. [40 CFR 761.3 (CFR 2013)]
+ Dioxins and Furans
Definition 1: Total tetra- through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.[40 CFR 60.51a (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.12005 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.101 (CFR 2024)]
Definition 2: Tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octa-chlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans. [40 CFR 63.1201 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 260.10 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 260.10 (CFR 2020)]
Definition 3: Tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and octachlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans. [40 CFR 63.1503 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Combined emissions of tetra-through octa-chlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans, as measured by EPA Reference Method 23.[40 CFR 60.51c (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 62.14490 (CFR 2018)]
Definition 5: Tetra- through octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.[40 CFR 60.51b (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6: Tetra-through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. [40 CFR 62.14840 (CFR 2018)][40 CFR 62.15410 (CFR 2018)][40 CFR 62.16045 (CFR 2018)]
Definition 7: Combined emissions of tetra-through octachlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans, as measured by EPA Reference Method 23. [40 CFR 62.14490 (CFR 2018)]
Definition 8: Tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octa-chlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans.[40 CFR 63.1341 (CFR 2019)]
+
Dioxins
Definition 1:
Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of oxygen atoms. [EPA Dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran vocabulary]
Definition 2:
A group of harmful chemical compounds that are released into the air from combustion processes such as commercial or municipal waste incineration and from burning fuels such as wood, coal, or oil.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 3:
Highly toxic chemicals used in some manufacturing processes, can build up in the food chain. They may settle in sediment or on aquatic plants, then get eaten and concentrated by fish, other aquatic life, wildlife, and people. Dioxins are formed unintentionally by burning trash or leaded gasoline and as waste byproducts from manufacturing some pesticides. Dioxins are considered likely to increase cancer risk and may harm the immune system, hormone levels, and fetal development. [How's My Waterway Glossary]
+
Dibenzo-p-Dioxin
Definition:
Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of oxygen atoms. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- 2,3,7,8-HDD
Definition:
Any of the dibenzo-p-dioxins totally chlorinated or totally brominated at the following positions on the molecular structure: 2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,6,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8,9; and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- HDD
- Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin
Definition:
Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight bromine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyhalogenated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins
Definition:
Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins containing two to eight chlorine substituents or two to eight bromine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Dioxin
Definition:
Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of oxygen atoms. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds
Definition:
This category includes only those chemicals listed. (Manufacturing; and the processing or otherwise use of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds if the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are present as contaminants in a chemical and if they were created during the manufacturing of that chemical.) [Note: When completing the Form R Schedule 1, enter the data for each member of the category in the order they are listed (i.e., 1-17).] See table at http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/ry2012rfi.pdf pages II19-II21. [TRI Glossary]
+
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
+
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins
Definition 1:
A family of 75 congeners of which 7 are thought to have dioxin-like toxicity. The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin structure consists of two benzene rings joined by two ortho oxygen atoms and varying degrees of chlorine atom substitution on the remaining carbon atoms in the rings. [EPA 100/R -08/004 June 2004 Glossary at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs0402.html]
Definition 2:
Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight chlorine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
Definition 1:
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin which is often referred to simply as dioxin and is the reference for a number of compounds which are similar structurally and have dioxin-like toxicity. A substance extremely toxic to mammals, with a wide variation in sensitivity among species. Longer-term exposure of test mammals to lesser amounts can affect reproduction, cause birth defects, damage the liver and suppress the immune system. Several studies suggest that exposure to TCDD increases the risk of several types of cancer in people. Animal studies have also shown an increased risk of cancer from exposure to TCDD. The WHO and the USA DHHS have determined that TCDD is a human carcinogen. (NCI) [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
Definition 2:
In [40 CFR 430.01 (CFR 2013)]
- Trichlorinated Dibenzodioxins
+
Furans
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
Definition:
In [40 CFR 430.01 (CFR 2013)]
+
Dibenzofuran
Definition:
Any of a family of compounds which has as a nucleus a triple-ring structure consisting of two benzene rings connected through a pair of bridges between the benzene rings. The bridges are a carbon-carbon bridge and a carbon-oxygen-carbon bridge at both substitution positions. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- 2,3,7,8-HDF
Definition:
Any of the dibenzofurans totally chlorinated or totally brominated at the following positions on the molecular structure: 2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8; 2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,6,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8,9; 2,3,4,6,7,8; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8; and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- HDF
Definition:
Any of the dibenzofurans totally chlorinated or totally brominated at the following positions on the molecular structure: 2,3,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8; 2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,4,7,8; 1,2,3,6,7,8; 1,2,3,7,8,9; 2,3,4,6,7,8; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8; and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Polyhalogenated Dibenzofurans
Definition:
Any member of a class of dibenzofurans containing two to eight chlorine, bromine, or a combination of chlorine and bromine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Polybrominated Dibenzofurans
Definition:
Any member of a class of dibenzofurans with two to eight bromine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
- Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans
Definition 1:
A chemical class containing 135 congeners of which 10 (listed in Table 2) are thought to have dioxin-like toxicity. The polychlorinated dibenzofuran structure consists of two benzene rings joined by one oxygen atom ortho to a carbon-carbon bond linkage and has varying degrees of chlorine atom substitution on the remaining carbon atoms in the rings. PCDFs, like the PCDDs, are not produced intentionally but occur as inadvertent by-products in chemical production processes as well as waste combustion and PCB degradation reactions. [EPA 100/R -08/004 June 2004 Glossary at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs0402.html]
Definition 2:
Any member of a class of dibenzofurans with two to eight chlorine substituents. [40 CFR 766.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A family of 135 individual compounds with varying harmful health and environmental effects. CDFs typically are released to the environment through the incineration of municipal and industrial waste, accidental combustion of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the manufacture of certain metals and paper products.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
- High-Concentration Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Definition:
PCBs that contain 500 ppm or greater PCBs, or those materials which EPA requires to be assumed to contain 500 ppm or greater PCBs in the absence of testing. [40 CFR 761.123 (CFR 2013)]
- Low-Concentration Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Definition:
PCBs that are tested and found to contain less than 500 ppm PCBs, or those PCB-containing materials which EPA requires to be assumed to be at concentrations below 500 ppm (i.e., untested mineral oil dielectric fluid). [40 CFR 761.123 (CFR 2013)]
+ Glycols and Glycol Ethers
Definition: Glycols is a generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Glycol Ethers
Definition:
Alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol which are used as solvents and as an ingredient in cleaning compounds, liquid soaps, and cosmetics.
- Tetraethylene Glycol
Definition:
Molecular Formula: C8H18O5 Tetraethylene glycol is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with a mild odor. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999). CASRN 112-60-7 [Adapted from NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Triethylene Glycol
Definition:
Molecular Formula: C6H14O4 .Triethylene glycol is a colorless liquid with a mild odor. Dense than water. (USCG, 1999). CASRN 112-27-6. [Adapted from NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- 2-Butoxyethanol
Definition:
A clear colorless liquid that smells somewhat like ether. It is usually produced by a reaction of ethylene oxide with butyl alcohol, but it may also be made by the reaction of ethylene glycol with dibutyl sulfate. 2-Butoxyethanol is widely used as a solvent in protective surface coatings such as spray lacquers, quick-dry lacquers, enamels, varnishes, and latex paints. It is also used as an ingredient in paint thinners and strippers, varnish removers, agricultural chemicals, herbicides, silicon caulks, cutting oils, and hydraulic fluids. It has other uses in metal cleaners, fabric dyes and inks, industrial and household cleaners (as a degreaser), and dry-cleaning compounds. It is also used in liquid soaps and in cosmetics. CASRN 111-76-2 [Adapted from Agency for Toxic Substances amd Disease Registry TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL AND 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp118.pdf]
- 2-Methoxyethanol
Definition:
Molecular Formula is C3H8O2 and the Chemical Structure is CH3OCH2CH2OH. 2-Methoxyethanol is used primarily as a jet fuel de-icer. It is also used as a solvent for cellulose acetate; resins (particularly in the electronics industry); some alcohol soluble dyes; and in quick-drying varnishes, enamels, nail polishes, and wood stains. Small amounts are also used as perfume fixatives and in the manufacture of photographic film. CASRN 109-86-4 [EPA EPA 749-F-94-019a CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-METHOXYETHANOL prepared by OFFICE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION AND TOXICS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY August 1994 at http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_methox.txt]
- Diethylene Glycol
Definition:
Diethylene glycol is a colorless liquid. Denser than water. Contact may slightly irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. May be slightly toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals. Molecular Formula: C4H10O3. CASRN 116-46-6. [Adapted from NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Ethylene Glycol
Definition 1:
Ethylene glycol is a useful industrial compound found in many consumer products, including automotive antifreeze, hydraulic brake fluids, some stamp pad inks, ballpoint pens, solvents, paints, plastics, films, and cosmetics; it also is used as a pharmaceutical vehicle. Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste and is often accidentally or intentionally ingested. Ethylene glycol is chemically broken down in the body into toxic compounds. It and its toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system (CNS), then the heart, and finally the kidneys. Ingestion of sufficient amounts can be fatal. Ethylene glycol is odorless; odor does not provide any warning of inhalation exposure to hazardous concentrations. [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NIOSH Home: The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database]
Definition 2:
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+ Halogenated Compounds
Definition 1: Organic HAP compounds that contain halogen atoms. [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2: Organic compounds that contain chlorine atoms. [40 CFR 63.1361 (CFR 2013)]
+
Halogenated Organic Compounds
Definition:
Those compounds having a carbon-halogen bond which are listed under appendix III to this part. [40 CFR 268.2 (CFR 2013)]
- 1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachloronorbornadiene
Definition:
The chemical substance 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloronorbornadiene, CAS Number 3389-71-7. [40 CFR 704.102 (CFR 2013)]
+
Aromatic Halogenated Organics
Definition:
Organic chemicals containing at least one aromatic ring and halogen atom.
- Dieldrin
Definition 1:
An organochlorine insecticide no longer registered for use in the United States. Also a degradation product of the insecticide aldrin. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 2:
As identified by the chemical name 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethanonaphthalene [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Dinitrofluorobenzene
Definition:
Benzene derivative used as a reagent for labeling terminal amino acid groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Endrin
Definition 1:
The pesticide 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2,3-b]oxirene,3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-, (1aalpha, 2beta, 2abeta, 3alpha, 6alpha, 6abeta, 7beta, 7aalpha)-, CAS Number 72-20-8.(2) [40 CFR 704.102 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Compound endrin as identified by the chemical name 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-endodimethanonaphthalene. [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexachlorobenzene
Definition:
A stable, white, crystalline chlorinated hydrocarbon that emits very toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid and other chlorinated compounds when heated to decomposition. Hexachlorobenzene was used as a fungicide and was also used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, synthesis of organic chemicals, rubber and in wood preservation. Prolonged oral exposure to this substance results in a liver disease with associated skin lesions. Hexachlorobenzene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on association between thyroid, liver and kidney cancer and oral exposure in animals. (NCI05) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Iodophenols
Definition:
One of the hydrogen atoms on the phenol ring is replaced by iodine. The three isomers vary by where the hydrogen substitution takes place relative to the phenol functional group
- Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition:
Aromatic hydrocarbons containing more than one halogen atom
+
Non-Aromatic Halogenated Organics
- 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Definition:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a manufactured, colorless, dense liquid that does not burn easily. It is volatile and has a sweet odor. In the past, it was used in large amounts to produce other chemicals, as an industrial solvent to clean and degrease metals, and as an ingredient in paints and pesticides. Commercial production of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane for these uses has stopped in the United States. It presently is used only as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]
- Bromodichloromethane
Definition:
A colorless, liquid halogenated hydrocarbon. Bromodichloromethane is used in the synthesis of chemicals and as a reagent in laboratory research. This substance is also found as a by-product in chlorinated water. Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Bromodichloropropenoic Acid
Definition:
Byproduct of water disinfection
- Bromomethane
Definition:
Bromomethane is a manufactured chemical. It also occurs naturally in small amounts in the ocean where it is formed, probably by algae and kelp. It is a colorless, nonflammable gas with no distinct smell. Other names for bromomethane are methyl bromide, mono-bromomethane, and methyl fume. Trade names include Embafume and Terabol. Bromomethane is used to kill a variety of pests including rats, insects, and fungi. It is also used to make other chemicals or as a solvent to get oil out of nuts, seeds, and wool. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Bromonitromethanes
Definition:
Bromonitromethane and congeners. Bromonitromethane is BrCH2NO2. Disinfection byproducts in drinking water pre-treated by ozonation.
- Carbon Tetrachloride
Definition 1:
Compound consisting of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms. Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a raw material in many industrial uses, including the production of chlorofluorocarbons and as a solvent. Solvent use ended when it was discovered to be carcinogenic. It is also used as a catalyst to deliver chlorine ions to certain processes. Its ozone depletion potential is 1.2. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
Definition 2:
A manufactured compound, most often found as a colorless gas. Because of its harmful effect on the ozone layer, the production and use of carbon tetrachloride in industrialized nations was banned in 1996 under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. It is highly persistent and remains at levels of concern in the environment in the United States; it is an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Chlordane
Definition:
Octachloro-4,7-methanotetrahydroindane. An organochlorine insecticide no longer registered for use in the U.S. Technical chlordane is a mixture in which the primary components are cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor, and heptachlor. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
- Chloromethylbutenone
Definition:
Chloromethylbutenone (CMBO), the product of the oxidation of isoprene by atomic Cl and a unique marker for chlorine radical chemistry. [Adapted from EPA Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/aqmguide/collection/cp2_old/20060228_ord_epa-600_r-05-004bf_ozone_criteria_document_vol-2.pdf]
+
Fluorinated Gas
Definition 1:
Any fluorinated GHG, CFC, or HCFC. [40 CFR 98.128 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Powerful synthetic greenhouse gases such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons) and are often used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants. These gases are emitted in small quantities compared to carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), or nitrous oxide (N₂O), but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (High GWP gases)[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
+
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Definition 1:
Compounds containing only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They were introduced as alternatives to ozone depleting substances in serving many industrial, commercial, and personal needs. HFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. They do not significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
Any substance listed as class II in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. [40 CFR 82.302 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 82.62 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Class of GHGs consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Compound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are one class of chemicals that was used to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They contain chlorine and thus deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. HCFCs have ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. Production of HCFCs is being phased out. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
Definition 5:
Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and carbon atoms. Although ozone depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs and are also greenhouse gases. [Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
- HCFC-22
- Unsaturated Hydrobromochloro-Fluorocarbons
Definition:
Fluorinated GHGs that contain only hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon and that contain one or more bonds that are not single bonds. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2024)]
+
Haloacetic Acids
Definition:
Five haloacetic acid constituents are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. Haloacetic acids occur when naturally-occurring organic and inorganic materials in the water react with the disinfectants, chlorine and chloramine. [EPA Basic Information about Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Total Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic Acids, Bromate, and Chlorite at http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfm]
- Bromoacetic Acid
Definition:
CH2BrCO2H. Acetic acid with a bromine atom substituted for a methyl hydrogen atom. An alkylating agent.
- Bromochloroacetic Acid
Definition:
C2H2BrClO2. Acetic acid where a chlorine atom has been substituted for one methyl hydrogen and a bromine atom has been substituted for another methyl hydrogen atom. A chlorination disinfection by-product
- Chloroacetic Acid
Definition:
Acetic acid with a chlorine atom substituted for a methyl hydrogen atom. Commonly used as a reactant in organic synthesis reactions.
- Dibromoacetic Acid
Definition:
Water disinfection by-product. Acetic acid where two methyl hydrogen atoms are replaced by bromine atoms.
- Dichloroacetic Acid
Definition:
Acetic acid where two methyl hydrogen atoms are replaced by bromine atoms. A chlorination disinfection by-product
- Trichloroacetic Acid
Definition 1:
A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Acetic acid where chlorine atoms replace the three methyl hydrogen atoms.
+
Halon
Definition 1:
Any of the Class I, Group II substances listed in subpart A, appendix A of 40 CFR part 82. This group consists of the three halogenated hydrocarbons known as Halon 1211, Halon 1301, and Halon 2402, and all isomers of these chemicals. [40 CFR 82.260 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Compound consisting of bromine, fluorine, and carbon. Halons are used as fire extinguishing agents, both in built-in systems and in handheld portable fire extinguishers. Halon production in the U.S. ended on December 31, 1993, because they contribute to ozone depletion. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
- Halon Blend
Definition:
Any mixture or combination of substances that contains two or more halons. [40 CFR 82.260 (CFR 2013)]
- Halon Product
Definition:
Any mixture or combination of substances that contains only one halon (e.g., Halon 1301 plus dinitrogen gas (N2)). [40 CFR 82.260 (CFR 2013)]
+
Hydrobromofluorocarbons
Definition:
Ozone-depleting substance consisting of hydrogen, bromine, fluorine, and carbon. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
- Unsaturated Hydrobromofluorocarbons
Definition:
Fluorinated GHGs that contain only hydrogen, bromine, fluorine, and carbon and that contain one or more bonds that are not single bonds. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2024)]
+
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Definition 1:
Compounds containing only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They were introduced as alternatives to ozone depleting substances in serving many industrial, commercial, and personal needs. HFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. They do not significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
Any substance listed as class II in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. [40 CFR 82.302 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 82.62 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Class of GHGs consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Compound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are one class of chemicals that was used to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They contain chlorine and thus deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. HCFCs have ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. Production of HCFCs is being phased out. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
Definition 5:
Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and carbon atoms. Although ozone depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs and are also greenhouse gases. [Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
- HCFC-22
- Unsaturated Hydrobromochloro-Fluorocarbons
Definition:
Fluorinated GHGs that contain only hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon and that contain one or more bonds that are not single bonds. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2024)]
- Hydrofluoroethers
Definition:
Non-ozone depleting organic solvents and cleaning agents with the general ether structure R-O-R with a perfluorinated chain and a short hydrocarbon chain
- Methyl Bromide
Definition:
Compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and bromine. Methyl Bromide (MeBr) is an effective pesticide used to fumigate soil and many agricultural products. Because it contains bromine, it depletes stratospheric ozone. MeBr has an ozone depletion potential of 0.6. Production of methyl bromide was phased out on December 31, 2004, except for allowable exemptions. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
- Methyl Chloroform
Definition:
Compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. Methyl chloroform is used as an industrial solvent. Its ozone depletion potential is 0.11. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
- Perchloroethylene
Definition:
A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Perfluorinated Chemical
Definition 1:
A fully fluorinated or perfluorinated chemical is one in which all the carbon-hydrogen bonds in a chain have been replaced by carbon-fluorine ones. All fully fluorinated chemicals are man-made. Example include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [EPA OPPT Glossary]
Definition 2:
PFCs are a large group of manufactured compounds that are widely used to make everyday products more resistant to stains, grease, and water. For example, PFCs may be used to keep food from sticking to cookware, to make sofas and carpets resistant to stains, to make clothes and mattresses more waterproof, and may also be used in some food packaging, as well as in some firefighting materials. Because they help reduce friction, they are also used in a variety of other industries, including aerospace, automotive, building and construction, and electronics. [NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Perfluorinated Chemicals at https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/perflourinated_chemicals_508.pdf]
+
Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids and Salts
Definition:
A fully fluorinated or perfluorinated chemical is one in which all the carbon-hydrogen bonds in a chain have been replaced by carbon-fluorine ones. All fully fluorinated chemicals are man-made. Example include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [EPA OPPT Glossary]
- Gen X Chemical
Definition:
Trade name for a technology that is used to make high performance fluoropolymers (e.g., some nonstick coatings) without the use of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). HFPO dimer acid and its ammonium salt are the major chemicals associated with the GenX technology
- Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid
Definition:
Replacement chemical for PFOS, a chemical that was voluntarily phased out by its U.S. manufacturers. PFBS has been identified in the environment and consumer products, including surface water, wastewater, drinking water, dust, carpeting and carpet cleaners, floor wax, and food packaging.
- Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Definition:
A fully fluorinated or perfluorinated chemical is one in which all the carbon-hydrogen bonds in a chain have been replaced by carbon-fluorine ones. All fully fluorinated chemicals are man-made. Example include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [EPA OPPT Glossary]
- Perfluorocarbons
Definition 1:
Class of greenhouse gases consisting on the molecular level of carbon and fluorine. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Compound consisting of carbon and fluorine. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have extremely high global warming potentials and very long lifetimes. They do not deplete stratospheric ozone, but EPA is concerned about their impact on global warming. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
Definition 3:
A group of chemicals composed of carbon and fluorine only. These chemicals (predominantly CF4 and C2F6) were introduced as alternatives, along with hydrofluorocarbons, to the ozone depleting substances. In addition, PFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. PFCs do not harm the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases: CF4 has a global warming potential (GWP) of 7,390 and C2F6 has a GWP of 12,200. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). These chemicals are predominantly human-made, though there is a small natural source of CF4.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
- Perfluoroctanoic Acid
- Perfluorohexane Sulfonate
- Perfluorooctyl Sulfonate
Definition:
A fully fluorinated or perfluorinated chemical is one in which all the carbon-hydrogen bonds in a chain have been replaced by carbon-fluorine ones. All fully fluorinated chemicals are man-made. Example include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) [EPA OPPT Glossary]
- Trichloroethylene
Definition:
A stable, low boiling-point colorless liquid, toxic if inhaled. Used as a solvent or metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
+
Trihalomethanes
Definition 1:
Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different. [NLM Medical Subject Headiangs (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure.[Adapted from 40 CFR 141.2 (CFR 2018)]
- Bromodichloromethane
Definition:
A colorless, liquid halogenated hydrocarbon. Bromodichloromethane is used in the synthesis of chemicals and as a reagent in laboratory research. This substance is also found as a by-product in chlorinated water. Bromodichloromethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (NCI05) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Vinyl Chloride
+ Halogens and Halides
Definition: One of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine. [Drinking Water Technical & Legal Terms]
- Bromates
Definition:
Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Chlorine
Definition 1:
A very reactive and highly toxic green, gaseous element, belonging to the halogen family of substances. It is one of the most widespread elements, as it occurs naturally in sea-water, salt lakes and underground deposits, but usually occurs in a safe form as common salt (NaCl). Commercially it is used in large quantities by the chemical industry both as an element to produce chlorinated organic solvents, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride plastics, thermoplastic and hypochlorite bleaches. Chlorine was the basis for the organochlorine pesticides, like DDT and other agricultural chemicals that have killed wildlife. The reactivity of chlorine has proved disastrous for the ozone layer and has been the cause of the creation of the ozone hole, which was first detected in the Southern Hemisphere over Antarctica and then over the Northern Hemisphere. (Source: WRIGHT) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
•Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in some household products. •Chlorine is sometimes in the form of a poisonous gas. Chlorine gas can be pressurized and cooled to change it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and stored. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly. •Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent, irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. The strong smell may provide adequate warning to people that they are exposed. •Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color. •Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can react explosively or form explosive compounds with other chemicals such as turpentine and ammonia. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response Chemical Categories A-Z]
- Halogen Atom
Definition 1:
Atoms of chlorine or fluorine. [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Chlorine and fluorine. [40 CFR 63.2550 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
One of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine. [40 CFR 141.2 (CFR 2018)]
- Chlorine Dioxide
Definition:
CASRN: 10049-04-4 [NLM Hazrdous Substances Data Bank]
+
Fluorine and Fluorides
- Aluminum Fluoride
- Halogen Atom
Definition 1:
Atoms of chlorine or fluorine. [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Chlorine and fluorine. [40 CFR 63.2550 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
One of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine. [40 CFR 141.2 (CFR 2018)]
+
Halogens and Hydrogen Halides
Definition 1:
Hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen bromide (HBr), bromine (Br2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). [40 CFR 63.1082 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.1101 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 65.2 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.101 (CFR 2024)]
Definition 2:
Hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
+
Chlorine
Definition 1:
A very reactive and highly toxic green, gaseous element, belonging to the halogen family of substances. It is one of the most widespread elements, as it occurs naturally in sea-water, salt lakes and underground deposits, but usually occurs in a safe form as common salt (NaCl). Commercially it is used in large quantities by the chemical industry both as an element to produce chlorinated organic solvents, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride plastics, thermoplastic and hypochlorite bleaches. Chlorine was the basis for the organochlorine pesticides, like DDT and other agricultural chemicals that have killed wildlife. The reactivity of chlorine has proved disastrous for the ozone layer and has been the cause of the creation of the ozone hole, which was first detected in the Southern Hemisphere over Antarctica and then over the Northern Hemisphere. (Source: WRIGHT) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
•Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in some household products. •Chlorine is sometimes in the form of a poisonous gas. Chlorine gas can be pressurized and cooled to change it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and stored. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly. •Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent, irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. The strong smell may provide adequate warning to people that they are exposed. •Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color. •Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can react explosively or form explosive compounds with other chemicals such as turpentine and ammonia. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response Chemical Categories A-Z]
- Halogen Atom
Definition 1:
Atoms of chlorine or fluorine. [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Chlorine and fluorine. [40 CFR 63.2550 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
One of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine. [40 CFR 141.2 (CFR 2018)]
- Hydrogen Bromide
- Hydrogen Chloride
Definition 1:
HCl [40 CFR 63.1503 (CFR 2016)]
Definition 2:
Emissions of hydrogen chloride that serve as a surrogate measure of the total emissions of the HAPs hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine. [40 CFR 63.1503 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Gaseous emissions of hydrogen chloride that serve as a surrogate measure for total emissions of hydrogen chloride and chlorine as measured by Method 26 or 26A in appendix A to part 60 of this chapter or an approved alternative method. [40 CFR 63.1579 (CFR 2013)]
- Hydrogen Fluoride
+
Hydrochloric Acid and Salts
Definition:
A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water; a poisonous, pungent liquid forming a constant-boiling mixture at 20% concentration in water; widely used as a reagent, in organic synthesis, in acidizing oil wells, ore reduction, food processing, and metal cleaning and pickling. Also known as muriatic acid. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Alkali Chlorides
- Calcium Chloride
Definition:
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Magnesium Chloride
Definition:
Inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [MeSH]
- Potassium Chloride
- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Cl-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sodium Chloride
Definition:
Table salt. A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Tetramethyl Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
C4H12ClN. A quaternary ammonium salt and high production volume chemical with multiple uses.
- Hydrogen Halides and Halogens
Definition:
Hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). [40 CFR 63.1251 (CFR 2013)]
- Hypochlorites
Definition:
Sodium hypochlorite is generally used dissolved in water at various concentrations. Although available, solid sodium hypochlorite is not commercially used. Sodium hypochlorite solutions are clear, greenish to yellow liquids with an odor of chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that readily decomposes in water releasing oxygen and chlorine. It also has a strong chlorine odor. Neither compound occur naturally in the environment. Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as bleaching agents or disinfectants. They are components of commercial bleaches, cleaning solutions, and disinfectants for drinking water and waste water purification systems and swimming pools. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Iodine
Definition:
Iodine is a naturally occurring element found in sea water and in certain rocks and sediments. There are non radioactive and radioactive forms of iodine. Iodine is used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers and is used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is also added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet. Most radioactive iodine is manmade. It is used in medical tests and to treat certain diseases. Most radioactive forms of iodine change very quickly (seconds to days) to stable elements that are not radioactive. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Perchlorates
Definition:
Perchlorates are colorless salts that have no odor. There are five perchlorate salts that are manufactured in large amounts: magnesium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and lithium perchlorate. Perchlorate salts are solids that dissolve easily in water. The health effects of perchlorate salts are due to the perchlorate itself and not to the other component (i.e., magnesium, ammonium, potassium, etc.). One place where perchlorate occurs naturally is in saltpeter deposits in Chile, where the saltpeter is used to make fertilizer. In the past, the United States used a lot of this fertilizer on tobacco plants, but now uses very little. Perchlorates are very reactive chemicals that are used mainly in explosives, fireworks, and rocket motors. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
+ Hydrocarbons (Chemicals)
Definition 1: Chemical compounds that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2: An organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, and coal. [EPA Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources: Progress Report at http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/pdfs/hf-report20121214.pdf]
Definition 3: Hydrocarbon group (THC, NMHC, or THCE) on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type as described in § 1033.101. [40 CFR 1033.901 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4: Generally means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each type of fuel and engine. [40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5: Any organic compound consisting predominantly of carbon and hydrogen.[40 CFR 60.111 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6: Hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type. For alcohol-fueled engines, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE). For all other engines, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC). [40 CFR 1036.801 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 7: Hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type, as described in § 1042.101(d) and § 1042.104(a). [40 CFR 1042.901 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 8: Hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type. For alcohol-fueled vehicles, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE) for exhaust emissions and total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE) for evaporative emissions. For all other vehicles, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) for exhaust emissions and total hydrocarbon (THC) for evaporative emissions..[40 CFR 1037.801 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 9: THC, THCE, NMHC, or NMHCE, as applicable. [40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 10: Compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, butane, and cyclopentane. Although they are flammable, hydrocarbons (HCs) may offer advantages as substitutes to ozone-depleting substances because they have zero ozone depletion potential, low toxicity, and with the exception of methane, have low global warming potentials. [Ozone Layer Protection Glossary]
Definition 11: Substances containing only hydrogen and carbon. Fossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbons.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
Definition 12: Chemical compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
Definition 13: A large class of organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen, common in petroleum products.[Oil Pollution Prevention]
Definition 14: Meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. [40 CFR 1036.801 (2023)]
- Acetylene
Definition:
An acetylene molecule is composed of two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. The two carbon atoms are held together by what is known as a triple carbon bond. This bond is useful in that it stores substantial energy that can be released as heat during combustion. However, the triple carbon bond is unstable, making acetylene gas very sensitive to conditions such as excess pressure, excess temperature, static electricity, or mechanical shock. Acetylene is the most common gas used for fueling cutting torches in both general industry and the mining industry. When mixed with pure oxygen in a cutting torch assembly, an acetylene flame can theoretically reach over 5700°F. [DOL Mine Safety and Health Administration Special Hazards of Acetylene at http://arlweb.msha.gov/alerts/hazardsofacetylene.htm]
+
Alkanes
Definition:
The homologous group of linear saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having the general formula Cn2Hn+2. Alkanes can be straight chains, branched chains, or ring structures. Also referred to as paraffins.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
+
Butane
Definition 1:
Paraffinic straight-chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H10. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
An organic compound with the formula C4H10. [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Certified Butane
Definition:
Butane that is certified to meet the requirements in § 1090.250. [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Ethane
Definition:
Paraffinic hydrocarbon with molecular formula C2H6. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexane
- Isobutane
Definition:
Paraffinic branch chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H10. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Definition 1:
LPG, which consists principally of propane and butane, is produced for use as fuel and is an intermediate material in the manufacture of petrochemicals. The important specifications for proper performance include vapor pressure and control of contaminants. [DOL Occupational Health and Safety Administration Petroleum Refining Process at https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html#app_iv:2_1]
Definition 2:
Any liquefied hydrocarbon gas obtained as a by-product in petroleum refining of natural gas production. [40 CFR 63.6675 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Commercial product marketed as liquefied petroleum gas or propane. [40 CFR 92.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Commercial product marketed as propane or liquefied petroleum gas.[40 CFR 1033.901 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Liquid hydrocarbon fuel that is stored under pressure and is composed primarily of nonmethane compounds that are gases at atmospheric conditions.[40 CFR 1036.801 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
Any material that consists predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons: propane, propylene, normal butane, isobutylene, and butylenes. LPG is usually stored under pressure to maintain the mixture in the liquid state.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Glossary]
Definition 7:
Liquid hydrocarbon fuel that is stored under pressure and is composed primarily of species that are gases at atmospheric conditions (temperature = 25 °C and pressure = 1 atm), excluding natural gas. [40 CFR 86.094-2 (CFR 2018)][40 CFR 86.1803-01 (CFR 2018)] [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
Definition 8:
Liquid hydrocarbon fuel that is stored under pressure and is composed primarily of species that are gases at atmospheric conditions (temperature = 25 °C and pressure = 1 atm), excluding natural gas.[40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2013)]
- Marsh Gas
Definition 1:
Methane gas. If the decaying matter at the bottom of a marsh or pond is stirred, bubbles of methane rise to the surface, thus the name marsh gas. [IRS Coal Excise Tax - Appendix I, Glossary of Mining Terms]
Definition 2:
CASRN74-82-8. An alkane hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas. Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless gas, the simplest parafin hydrocarbon, formula CH4. It is the principal constituent of natural gas and is also found associated with crude oil. Methane is a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere because it absorbs long-wavelength radiation from the Earth's surface. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
+
Methane
Definition 1:
CASRN74-82-8. An alkane hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas. Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
Methane gas. If the decaying matter at the bottom of a marsh or pond is stirred, bubbles of methane rise to the surface, thus the name marsh gas. [IRS Coal Excise Tax - Appendix I, Glossary of Mining Terms]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless gas, the simplest parafin hydrocarbon, formula CH4. It is the principal constituent of natural gas and is also found associated with crude oil. Methane is a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere because it absorbs long-wavelength radiation from the Earth's surface. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 4:
A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently estimated at 25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). [Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
Definition 5:
CH4 is among the six greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto Protocol. Natural processes produce atmospheric CH4. but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills. livestock and livestock wastes. natural gas and petroleum systems. coalmines. rice fields. and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years. but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. [NOAA Climate Program Office Glossary]
- Biomethane
Definition:
Methane produced from renewable biomass. [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
- n-Butane
Definition:
Paraffinic straight-chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H10. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
+
Pentane
Definition:
An organic compound with the formula C5H12. [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Certified Pentane
Definition:
Pentane that is certified to meet the requirements in § 1090.255. [40 CFR 1090.80 (CFR 2021)]
- Pentanes Plus
Definition 1:
A mixture of hydrocarbons that is a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, and consists mostly of pentanes (five carbon chain) and higher carbon number hydrocarbons. Pentanes plus includes, but is not limited to, normal pentane, isopentane, hexanes-plus (natural gasoline), and plant condensate. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier fractions, extracted from natural gas.[Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
- Polychlorinated Alkanes (C₁₀ to C₁₃) (1.0)
Definition:
Includes those chemicals defined by the following formula (except for those members of the category that have an average chain length of 12 carbons and contain an average chlorine content of 60% by weight which are subject to the 0.1% de minimis): CxH2x-y+2Cly Where x=10 to 13; y=3 to 12; and where the average chlorine content ranges from 40-70% with the limiting molecular formulas C₁₀H₁₉Cl₃ and C₁₃H₁₆Cl₁₂. [TRI Glossary]
- Propane
Definition 1:
A colorless gas derived from petroleum and natural gas, with the molecular structure C3H8. [40 CFR 63.6675 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Paraffinic hydrocarbon with molecular formula C3H8. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Synthetic Natural Gas
Definition 1:
A manufactured product, chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of hydrocarbons that may easily be substituted for or interchanged with pipeline-quality natural gas. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 2:
A manufactured product chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons. It may easily be substituted for, or interchanged with, pipeline quality natural gas.[Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
+
Alkenes
Definition:
The group of unsaturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n and characterized by being highly chemically reactive. Also referred to as olefins.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
- Propylene
Definition:
Olefinic hydrocarbon with molecular formula C3H6. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Butadiene
Definition:
1,3-Butadiene is a chemical made from the processing of petroleum. It is the 36th highest volume chemical produced in the United States. It is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline-like odor. About 75% of the manufactured 1,3-butadiene is used to make synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber is widely used for tires on cars and trucks. 1,3-Butadiene is also used to make plastics including acrylics. Small amounts are found in gasoline. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Butylene
Definition:
Olefinic straight-chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H8. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- C16-C18 Internal Olefin
Definition:
65/35 blend, proportioned by mass, of hexadecene and octadecene, respectively. Hexadecene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon chain length of 16, an internal double carbon bond, and is represented by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No. 26952-14-7. Octadecene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon chain length of 18, an internal double carbon bond, and is represented by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No. 27070-58-2. (Properties available from the Chemical Abstracts Service, 2540 Olentangy River Road, PO Box 3012, Columbus, OH, 43210) [40 CFR 435.11 (CFR 2013)]
- Ethylene
Definition:
Olefinic hydrocarbon with molecular formula C2H4. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Isobutylene
Definition:
Olefinic branch chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H8. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Isoprene
Definition:
An unsaturated pentahydrocarbon, Isoprene is found in certain plants or obtained by distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha. In plants, it is elementary in the formation of isoprenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and related pigments. Isoprenes contribute to flavors and fragrances of essential oils and other plant-derived substances. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- n-Butylene
Definition:
Olefinic straight-chain hydrocarbon with molecular formula C4H8. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Alkynes
Definition:
The group of unsaturated hydrocarbons with a triple carbon-carbon bond having the general formula CnH2n-2.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
+
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition:
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Phenols
Definition:
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Octylphenol
Definition:
p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol. An alkylphenol surfactant used in household products
+
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition 1:
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
A chemical contaminant that forms when gas, coal and oil are burned. PAHs are common in areas with high rates of development and motor vehicle traffic. [Chesapeake Bay Glossary]Class of hydrocarbon compounds whose molecular structure includes two or more aromatic rings.[40 CFR 79.50 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A group of organic chemicals that includes several petroleum products and their derivatives. [Contaminated Sediments (G/A)]
Definition 4:
A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil. PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 5:
PAHs are a class of organic compounds produced by incomplete combustion or high-pressure processes. PAHs form when complex organic substances are exposed to high temperatures or pressures. Often, PAHs consist of three or more fused benzene rings containing only carbon and hydrogen (Figure 1). Differences in the configuration of rings may lead to differences in properties.[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/pah/docs/pah.pdf]
- 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene
Definition:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Benzo(a)Pyrene
Definition:
A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Chrysene
Definition:
An aromatic hydrocarbon in coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
+
Naphthalenes
Definition:
Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Aldrin
Definition:
Compound aldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4 -endo-5,8-exo-dimethanonaphthalene [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Isodrin
Definition:
The pesticide 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexacholoro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-, (1alpha, 4alpha, 4abeta, 5beta, 8beta, 8abeta)-, CAS Number 465-73-6. [40 CFR 704.102 (CFR 2013)]
- Naproxen
Definition:
An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Definition 1:
Organic matter extractable by methylene chloride as determined by Method 315 in appendix A to this part or by an approved alternative method. [40 CFR 63.842 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Defines a broad class of compounds that includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic organic matter (POM) compounds are formed primarily from combustion and are present in the atmosphere in particulate form. Sources of air emissions are diverse and include vehicle exhausts, forest fires and wildfires, asphalt roads, coal, coal tar, coke ovens, agricultural burning, residential wood burning, and hazardous waste sites. Not all POM reported to EPA's National Emission Inventory is speciated. As a result, EPA applies some simplifying assumptions to model and assess the risk from the individual pollutants that comprise polycyclic organic matter. [National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) Glossary]
Definition 3:
A broad class of compounds that form mainly from combustion and are present in the air as particles. Sources of POM emissions include: vehicle exhaust; forest fires and wildfires; asphalt roads; coal; coal tar; coke ovens; agricultural burning; residential wood burning; and hazardous waste sites.[National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) Glossary]
+
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition 1:
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
A chemical contaminant that forms when gas, coal and oil are burned. PAHs are common in areas with high rates of development and motor vehicle traffic. [Chesapeake Bay Glossary]Class of hydrocarbon compounds whose molecular structure includes two or more aromatic rings.[40 CFR 79.50 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A group of organic chemicals that includes several petroleum products and their derivatives. [Contaminated Sediments (G/A)]
Definition 4:
A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil. PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 5:
PAHs are a class of organic compounds produced by incomplete combustion or high-pressure processes. PAHs form when complex organic substances are exposed to high temperatures or pressures. Often, PAHs consist of three or more fused benzene rings containing only carbon and hydrogen (Figure 1). Differences in the configuration of rings may lead to differences in properties.[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/pah/docs/pah.pdf]
- 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene
Definition:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Benzo(a)Pyrene
Definition:
A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Chrysene
Definition:
An aromatic hydrocarbon in coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
+
Naphthalenes
Definition:
Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Aldrin
Definition:
Compound aldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4 -endo-5,8-exo-dimethanonaphthalene [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Isodrin
Definition:
The pesticide 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,1,2,3,4,10,10-hexacholoro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-, (1alpha, 4alpha, 4abeta, 5beta, 8beta, 8abeta)-, CAS Number 465-73-6. [40 CFR 704.102 (CFR 2013)]
- Naproxen
Definition:
An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Styrene
+
Biphenyls
Definition:
Biphenyl compounds. Class of compounds containing two linked benzene rings. [Adapted from National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Bisphenol A
Definition:
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. (C15H16O2; molecular weight 228.29) [DHHS National Toxicology Program NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol A NIH Publication No. 08-5994 at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf]
+
Polybrominated Diphenyls
Definition:
Diiphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
Definition:
Compounds that contain two halogenated benzene rings linked via an OXYGEN atom. Many polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as FLAME RETARDANTS. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether
Definition:
A brominated diphenyl ether with the CAS Registry Number 5436-43-1
+
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Definition 1:
Any chemical substance that is limited to the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees or any combination of substances which contains such substance. [PCB Glossary]
Definition 2:
A mixture of chlorinated derivatives of biphenyl, marketed under the trade name Aroclor with a number designating the chlorine content (such as Aroclor 1260). PCBs were used in transformers and capacitors for insulating purposes and in gas pipeline systems as a lubricant. Further sale for new use was banned by law in 1979. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 3:
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 4:
Any chemical substance that is limited to the biphenyl molecule and that has been chlorinated to varying degrees. [40 CFR 704.43 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 704.45 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Mixture of compounds composed of the biphenyl molecule which has been chlorinated to varying degrees. [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
Any chemical substance that is limited to the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees or any combination of substances which contains such substance. Refer to § 761.1(b) for applicable concentrations of PCBs. [40 CFR 761.3 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 7:
Halogenated organic compounds defined in accordance with 40 CFR 761.3. [40 CFR 268.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 8:
Polychlorinated biphenyls as defined under § 761.3. As specified under § 761.1(b), no requirements may be avoided through dilution of the PCB concentration. [40 CFR 761.123 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 9:
Any or all of the 209 possible chlorinated biphenyl isomers. [40 CFR 63.842 (CFR 2016)]
Definition 10:
Polychlorinated biphenyls belong to a broad family of human-made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons. PCBs were domestically manufactured from 1929 until their manufacture was banned in 1979. They have a range of toxicity and vary in consistency from thin, light-colored liquids to yellow or black waxy solids. Due to their nonflammability, chemical stability, high boiling point and electrical insulating properties, PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including electrical, heat transfer and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics and rubber products; in pigments, dyes and carbonless copy paper; and many other industrial applications. Acronym: PCBs [School Siting Guidelines Glossary]
Definition 11:
Group of man-made organic chemicals with a range of toxicity. Although manufacturing of PCBs was banned in the U.S. in 1979, PCBs are long-lasting in fish tissue and in bottom-sediments of rivers and lakes. PCBs in fish that are eaten by humans and wildlife can build up and may have cancer-causing and other health effects. PCB contamination has caused many fishing bans and warnings. [HMW Glossary]
- 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane
Definition 1:
The first chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide has a half-life of 15 years and can collect in fatty tissues of certain animals. EPA banned registration and interstate sale of DDT for virtually all but emergency uses in the United States in 1972 because of its persistence in the environment and accumulation in the food chain. CAS 50-29-3 [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A pesticide that was once widely used to control insects on agricultural crops and insects that carry diseases like malaria and typhus, but is now used in only a few countries to control malaria … After 1972, the use of DDT was no longer permitted in the United States except in cases of a public health emergency.” - Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2002 [USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Definitions]
Definition 3:
Pesticide used widely in the mid-20th century to control mosquitoes. DDT was banned after it was found to cause bald eagles and other birds to lay eggs with brittle shells that would crack easily, causing populations to decline. [Chesapeake Bay Program Glossary]
- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Definition:
A white, odorless and tasteless, very stable, water-insoluble, synthetic, crystalline chlorinated hydrocarbon that is soluble in most organic solvents, fat and oils and tends to accumulate in ecosystems. DDT was once widely used as a pesticide to control insects in agriculture and to control malaria, typhus and body lice, but its use is now limited. Exposure to DDT mainly affects the nervous system resulting in tremors, dizziness, nausea, incoordination, convulsions and seizures. This substance is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (NCI05) Generally recognized by its acronym, DDT. [Adapted from National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
+
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Chlorinated Terphenyl
Definition:
Chemical substance, CAS No. 61788-33-6, comprised of chlorinated ortho-, meta-, and paraterphenyl. [40 CFR 704.45 (CFR 2013)]
+
Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition:
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. Monocyclic compounds have a single ring. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Benzene
Definition 1:
CAS 71-43-2: RCRA U019 Benzene is widely used in the United States; it ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume. Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
An aromatic hydrocarbon present in small proportion in some crude oils and made commercially from petroleum by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in petroleum naphtha. Also made from coal in the manufacture of coke. Used as a solvent in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibers, petrochemicals, and as a component of high-octane gasoline. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 3:
A 6-sided structure with three alternating double bonds. A known carcinogen that is an aromatic component of gasoline.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, volatile, flammable, toxic liquid aromatic hydrocarbon (C₆H₆) used in organic synthesis, as a solvent, and as a component of motor fuel. Benzene is a known human carcinogen and an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene And Xylene
Definition:
BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic compounds typically found in petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. [Waste and Cleanup Risk Assessment Glossary]
+
BTX
Definition:
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene. [40 CFR 63.1271 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.761 (CFR 2013)]
- Benzene
Definition 1:
CAS 71-43-2: RCRA U019 Benzene is widely used in the United States; it ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume. Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
An aromatic hydrocarbon present in small proportion in some crude oils and made commercially from petroleum by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in petroleum naphtha. Also made from coal in the manufacture of coke. Used as a solvent in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibers, petrochemicals, and as a component of high-octane gasoline. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 3:
A 6-sided structure with three alternating double bonds. A known carcinogen that is an aromatic component of gasoline.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, volatile, flammable, toxic liquid aromatic hydrocarbon (C₆H₆) used in organic synthesis, as a solvent, and as a component of motor fuel. Benzene is a known human carcinogen and an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Ethyl Benzene
- Toluene
Definition:
CASRN 108-88-3 Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Xylenes
Definition 1:
There are three forms of xylene in which the methyl groups vary on the benzene ring: meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). Chemical industries produce xylene from petroleum. It is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume. Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. It is also used as a cleaning agent, a thinner for paint, and in paints and varnishes. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Combination of the three isomers: o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene. [40 CFR 439.1 (CFR 2013)]
- p-tert-Butyltoluene
Definition:
Substance p-tert-butyltoluene, also identified as 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylbenzene, CAS No. 98-51-1. [40 CFR 704.33 (CFR 2013)]
- Toluene
Definition:
CASRN 108-88-3 Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. It is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Xylenes
Definition 1:
There are three forms of xylene in which the methyl groups vary on the benzene ring: meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). Chemical industries produce xylene from petroleum. It is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume. Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. It is also used as a cleaning agent, a thinner for paint, and in paints and varnishes. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Combination of the three isomers: o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene. [40 CFR 439.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition:
Class of compounds whose molecular structure includes two or more aromatic rings and contains one or more nitrogen substitutions.[40 CFR 79.50 (CFR 2013)]
- Phenanthrene
Definition:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons reported as phenanthrene. [40 CFR 435.11 (CFR 2013)]
- Hydrocarbon Gas Liquid
Definition:
A group of hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline, and their associated olefins, including ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene. As marketed products, HGL represents all natural gas liquids (NGL) and olefins. EIA reports production of HGL from refineries (liquefied refinery gas, or LRG) and natural gas plants (natural gas plant liquids, or NGPL). Excludes liquefied natural gas (LNG). [DOE Energy Infomation Administration Glossary]
- Hydrocarbon Vapor
- Kerosene
Definition 1:
Kerosene is a refined middle-distillate petroleum product that finds considerable use as a jet fuel and around the world in cooking and space heating. When used as a jet fuel, some of the critical qualities are freeze point, flash point, and smoke point. Commercial jet fuel has a boiling range of about 375°-525° F, and military jet fuel 130°-550° F. Kerosene, with less-critical specifications, is used for lighting, heating, solvents, and blending into diesel fuel. [DOL Occupational Health and Safety Administration Petroleum Refining Process at https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html#app_iv:2_1]
Definition 2:
Light petroleum distillate with a maximum distillation temperature of 400 °F at the 10-percent recovery point, a final maximum boiling point of 572 °F, a minimum flash point of 100 °F, and a maximum freezing point of −22 °F. Included are No. 1-K and No. 2-K, distinguished by maximum sulfur content (0.04 and 0.30 percent of total mass, respectively), as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil. Excluded is kerosene-type jet fuel (see definition herein). [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A colorless flammable oil distilled from petroleum. Used for fuel for jet engines, heating, cooking, and lighting. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 4:
Any No.1 distillate fuel commonly or commercially sold as kerosene. [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 80.2 (CFR 2024)]
- Ordinary Olefinic Group
Definition:
Unconjugated olefinic groups that are not specifically activated either by being part of a larger functional group, such as a vinyl ether, or by other activating influences, such as the strongly electron-withdrawing sulfone functionality (in a vinyl sulfone system). [EPA Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual EPA 744-B-97-001 at www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/documents/polyguid.pdf]
+
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Definition:
A large family of several hundred chemical compounds that are derived from crude oil. Some chemicals that may be found in TPH are hexane, jet fuels, mineral oils, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene and fluorene, as well as other petroleum products and gasoline components. [School Siting Guidelines Glossary]
- Enhanced Mineral Oil
Definition:
Petroleum distillate which has been highly purified and is distinguished from diesel oil and conventional mineral oil in having a lower polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. Typically, conventional mineral oils have a PAH content on the order of 0.35 weight percent expressed as phenanthrene, whereas enhanced mineral oils typically have a PAH content of 0.001 or lower weight percent PAH expressed as phenanthrene. [40 CFR 435.11 (CFR 2017)]
- Hydrotreated Light Petroleum Distillate
Definition:
Low odor paraffinic solvent [NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards]
- Petroleum Oil
Definition:
Petroleum in any form, including but not limited to crude oil, fuel oil, mineral oil, sludge, oil refuse, and refined products. [40 CFR 112.2 (CFR 2013)]
+
Soot
Definition:
Carbon dust formed by incomplete combustion. [NWCG Glossary]
- Black Carbon
Definition:
Soot produced from coal burning, diesel engines, cooking fires, wildfires, and other combustion sources. These particles absorb solar energy and have a warming influence on the climate.
+
Terpenes
Definition 1:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant oils and resins, common in conifers. [USDA Forest Service Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests Glossary]
Definition 2:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons occurring in most essential oils and oleoresins of plants. Their structures are based on isoprene units, and may be cyclic or linear. [EPA's Safer Choice Standard (February 2015) https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-12/documents/standard-for-safer-products.pdf]
- Pinenes
+
Retinoids
Definition:
A group of tetraterpenes, with four terpene units joined head-to-tail. Biologically active members of this class are used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic ACNE; PSORIASIS; and other disorders of keratinization. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Isotretinoin
Definition:
A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Tretinoin
Definition:
An important regulator of gene expression during growth and development, and in neoplasms. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal Vitamin A, is essential for normal growth; and embryonic development. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis ; acne vulgaris; and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia ( leukemia, promyelocytic, acute). [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sesquiterpenes
Definition:
"one and a half" terpenes, i.e. a C(15) terpenoid found in plants and insects. [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Toxaphene
Definition:
Material consisting of technical grade chlorinated camphene having the approximate formula of C10 H10 Cl8 and normally containing 67-69 percent chlorine by weight. [40 CFR 129.4 (CFR 2013)]
- Wildland Fire Ash
+ Inorganic Chemicals
Definition 1: Chemical substances of mineral origin, not of basically carbon structure. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2: Compounds composed of mineral materials, including elemental salts and metals such as iron, aluminum, mercury, and zinc. [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
- Hydrogen Peroxide
Definition 1:
Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid at room temperature with a bitter taste. Small amounts of gaseous hydrogen peroxide occur naturally in the air. Hydrogen peroxide is unstable, decomposing readily to oxygen and water with release of heat. Although nonflammable, it is a powerful oxidizing agent that can cause spontaneous combustion when it comes in contact with organic material. Hydrogen peroxide is found in many households at low concentrations (3-9%) for medicinal applications and as a clothes and hair bleach. In industry, hydrogen peroxide in higher concentrations is used as a bleach for textiles and paper, as a component of rocket fuels, and for producing foam rubber and organic chemicals. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Hydrogen peroxide is used to increase the dissolved oxygen content of groundwater to stimulate aerobic biodegradation of organic contaminants. Hydrogen peroxide is infinitely soluble in water, but rapidly dissociates to form a molecule of water and one-half molecule of oxygen. Dissolved oxygen concentrations of greater than 1,000 mg/L are possible using hydrogen peroxide, but high levels of D.O. can be toxic to microorganisms.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
- Hydrogen Sulfide
+
Inorganic Anion
Definition:
Inorganic negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [Adapted from National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Borates
Definition:
Boron-containing oxyanions. Salts of Boric acid. H3BO3.
+
Carbonates
Definition 1:
Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Compounds containing the radical CO3 −2. Upon calcination, the carbonate radical decomposes to evolve carbon dioxide (CO2). Common carbonates consumed in the mineral industry include calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or calcite; magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) or magnesite; and calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) or dolomite. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
- Chlorates
Definition:
Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Chromates
Definition:
Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Cyanides and Cyanide Compounds
Definition 1:
Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
X⁺CN⁻ where X = H⁺ or any other group where a formal dissociation can be made. For example KCN or Ca(CN)₂. [TRI Glossary]
- Cyanide A
Definition 1:
Those cyanides amenable to chlorination and is determined by the methods specified in 40 CFR 136.3. [40 CFR 415.91 (CFR 2017)]
Definition 2:
Cyanide amenable to chlorination as defined by 40 CFR 136. [40 CFR 413.02 (CFR 2017)]
- Free Cyanide
Definition:
Chemical species of cyanide that are dissolved in water and are bioavailable and known for their toxic effects on living organisms. This refers to the sum of molecular hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanide ion (CN- ) dissolved in water. Included in this definition are the dissolved products of cyanide salts (including potassium cyanide [KCN] and sodium cyanide [NaCN]), as these salts dissociate to cyanide ion and hydrogen cyanide when added to water. [40 CFR 63.1103 (CFR 2022)]
- Pregnant Cyanide Solution
Definition:
Inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from nitriles, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Hypochlorites
Definition:
Sodium hypochlorite is generally used dissolved in water at various concentrations. Although available, solid sodium hypochlorite is not commercially used. Sodium hypochlorite solutions are clear, greenish to yellow liquids with an odor of chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that readily decomposes in water releasing oxygen and chlorine. It also has a strong chlorine odor. Neither compound occur naturally in the environment. Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as bleaching agents or disinfectants. They are components of commercial bleaches, cleaning solutions, and disinfectants for drinking water and waste water purification systems and swimming pools. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Inorganic Sulfates
Definition:
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. ]NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Nitrate
Definition 1:
Plant nutrient and fertilizer that enters water supply sources from fertilizers, animal feed lots, manures, sewage, septic systems, industrial wastewaters, sanitary landfills, and garbage dumps. [Private Wells Glossary]
Definition 2:
An ion consisting of nitrogen and oxygen (NO3-). Nitrate is a plant nutrient and is very mobile in soils. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
+
Phosphates
Definition:
Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus. [Terms of Environment]
- Calcium Halophosphate
- Diammonium Phosphate
- Fresh Granular Triple Superphosphate
Definition:
Granular triple superphosphate produced within the preceding 72 hours. [40 CFR 60.241 (CFR 2013)]
+
Organophosphates
Definition:
Pesticides that contain phosphorus; short-lived, but some can be toxic when first applied. [Terms of Environment]
- Malathion
Definition:
CASRN 121-75-5 Malathion is an insecticide that does not occur naturally. Pure malathion is a colorless liquid, and technical-grade malathion, which contains >90% malathion and impurities in a solvent, is a brownish-yellow liquid that smells like garlic. Malathion is used to kill insects on farm crops and in gardens, to treat lice on humans, and to treat fleas on pets. Malathion is also used to kill mosquitos and Mediterranean fruit flies on (medflies) in large outdoor areas. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Methamidophos
- Orthophosphate
- Polyphosphates
Definition:
Compounds including hexametaphosphate, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate which as their sodium salts may be added to drinking water
- Run-of-Pile Triple Superphosphate
Definition:
Any triple superphosphate that has not been processed in a granulator and is composed of particles at least 25 percent by weight of which (when not caked) will pass through a 16 mesh screen. [40 CFR 60.231 (CFR 2013)]
- Sulfides
Definition:
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfites
Definition:
Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Inorganic Carbon Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons. [NLM Medication Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Bicarbonates
+
Carbon Allotropes
Definition:
The different physical forms for elemental carbon.
- Graphite
Definition:
An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Carbon Black
Definition:
An amorphous form of carbon, produced commercially by thermal or oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons and used principally in rubber goods, pigments, and printer's ink. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
- Powdered Activated Carbon
Definition:
A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from waste drinking water. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems. [Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Glossary]
- Diamond
Definition:
A crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. It is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Fullerenes
Definition:
Pure carbon, cage-like molecules composed of at least 20 atoms of carbon. The word ‘fullerene’ is derived from the word “Buckminsterfullerene,” which refers specifically to the C60 molecule and is named after Buckminster Fuller, an architect who described and made famous the geodesic dome. C60 and C70 are the most common and easy to produce fullerenes. [EPA Nanotechnology White Paper at http://www.epa.gov/osa/pdfs/nanotech/epa-nanotechnology-whitepaper-0207.pdf]
+
Carbon Dioxide
Definition 1:
CAS 124-38-9. A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion. Although carbon dioxide does not directly impair human health, it is a greenhouse gas that traps terrestrial (i.e., infrared) radiation and contributes to the potential for global warming. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
CO2. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless, incombustible gas, present in the atmosphere and formed during respiration, usually obtained from coal, coke, or natural gas by combustion, from carbohydrates by fermentation, by reaction of acid with limestone or other carbonates, or naturally from springs. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 4:
A naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
Definition 1:
CAS 630-08-0. A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels. including gasoline, oil and wood. Carbon monoxide is also produced from incomplete combustion of many natural and synthetic products. For instance, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. [Clean Air Act - Plain English]
Definition 2:
CO [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion. Represented as CO.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels; one of the six "criteria" pollutants for which EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the Clean Air Act. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
+
Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Ammonia
Definition 1:
A pungent colorless gaseous alkaline compound of nitrogen and hydrogen NH3 that is very soluble in water and can easily be condensed to a liquid by cold and pressure. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
Definition 2:
A colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble in water, has a characteristic pungent odour, is lighter than air, and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, pungent, gas (NH3) that is extremely soluble in water, may be used as a refrigerant; a fixed nitrogen form suitable as fertilizer. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Glossary of Energy-Related Terms]
Definition 5:
NH3 [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
One of the most abundant nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. It is an irritant with a characteristic pungent odor, which is widely used in industry. It is used in fertilizers to serve as a source of nitrogen for plants. [Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Glossary]
- Liquid Ammonia
Definition:
Liquid ammonia commercially shipped for which the Department of Transportation requires 0.2 percent minimum water content. [40 CFR 418.51 (CFR 2017)]
- Ammonium Persulfate
Definition:
Ammonium persulfate is a white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Nitrogen
Definition:
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [MeSH]
+
Nitrogen Oxides
Definition 1:
Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants. [Climate Change Glossary]
Definition 2:
All oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide, as measured by test methods set forth in this part. [40 CFR 60.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas or emission point, collectively expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 51.900 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 51.1100 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the nitric oxide were in the form of nitrogen dioxide (oxides of nitrogen are assumed to have a molecular weight equivalent to nitrogen dioxide). [40 CFR 92.2 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 94.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. [40 CFR 1039.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1042.901 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1033.901 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1036.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1037.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1045.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1048.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1051.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1054.801 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
NO and NO2 as measured by the procedures specified in § 1065.270. Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO is in the form of NO2, such that you use an effective molar mass for all oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2.[40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 7:
Sum of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the flue gas, expressed as nitrogen dioxide. [40 CFR 49.5512 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 8:
Sum of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the flue gas, expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 49.5513 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 9:
Oxides of nitrogen and is defined as the sum of the concentrations of NO2 and NO. [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 10:
Nitrogen oxide.[40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 11:
Oxides of nitrogen and is defined as the sum of the concentrations of NO2 and NO. [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 12:
Generic term for the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution, namely nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). These gases contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, as well as tropospheric ozone. [Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Glossary]
Definition 13:
Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
Definition 14:
Sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas or emission point, collectively expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 51.1300 (CFR 2019)]
Definition 15:
Oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide (N2 O), reported on an equivalent molecular weight basis as nitrogen dioxide (NO2). [86 FR 23054; 40 CFR 97.402 (CFR 2021)]
- Nitrogen Dioxide
Definition 1:
The result of nitric oxide combining with oxygen in the atmosphere; major component of photochemical smog. [Terms Environment]
Definition 2:
NO2. [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Nitrous Oxide
Definition 1:
A colorless, odorless greenhouse gas. It occurs both naturally and as a result of people's activities. Major sources include farming practices (such as using fertilizers) that add extra nitrogen to the soil, burning fossil fuels, and certain industrial processes. [Global Climate Change]
Definition 2:
N2O [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Natural emissions of N₂O are mainly from bacteria breaking down nitrogen in soils and the oceans. Nitrous oxide is mainly removed from the atmosphere through destruction in the stratosphere by ultraviolet radiation and associated chemical reactions, but it can also be consumed by certain types of bacteria in soils.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
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Inorganic Sulfur Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfides
Definition:
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
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Sulfur Oxides
Definition:
Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Persulfate
- Sulfur Dioxide
Definition 1:
A compound composed of one sulfur and two oxygen molecules. Sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through natural and anthropogenic processes is changed in a complex series of chemical reactions in the atmosphere to sulfate aerosols. These aerosols are believed to result in negative radiative forcing... (i.e., tending to cool the Earth's surface) and do result in acid deposition (e.g., acid rain). [Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
Definition 2:
A criteria air pollutant. Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by burning coal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid. Sulfur dioxide plays an important... role in the production of acid rain. [Air Permitting Terms]
Definition 3:
A naturally occurring gas made of sulfur and oxygen that causes acid rain. Burning fossil fuels, such as coal, releases SO2 into the atmosphere. Various EPA programs are reducing SO2 emissions, including the Acid Rain Program (http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/index.html). [Acid Rain Glossary]
Definition 4:
Sulfur dioxide.[40 CFR 53.1(CFR 2013)][40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
A pungent, colorless, gaseous pollutant formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. One of the six "criteria" pollutants for which EPA has set national ambient air quality standards.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
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Metal
+
Alkali Metals
Definition:
Group IA elements of the periodic table. Includes sodium and potassium among others. Generally reactive metals.
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Cesium
Definition:
A metal that may be stable (non radioactive) or unstable (radioactive). The most common radioactive form of cesium is cesium-137. Another fairly common radioisotope is cesium-134. Cesium-137 is much more significant as an environmental contaminant than cesium-134. It is also very useful in industry for its strong radioactivity. [Radiation Protection Radiation Glossary]
- Cesium-137
Definition:
A radioactive cesium isotope. A byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons tests that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s and from nuclear reactor accidents, such as the Chernobyl power plant accident in 1986, which distributed Cs-137 to many countries in Europe. [Adapted from CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/cesium.asp]
- Potassium
Definition:
A metallic element that is important in body functions such as regulation of blood pressure and of water content in cells, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction, and heartbeat. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
- Sodium
Definition:
An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [MeSH] [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Definition:
Any of the divalent electropositive metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, belonging to group 2A of the periodic table. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Barium and Barium Compounds
Definition 1:
Barium is a silvery-white metal which exists in nature only in ores containing mixtures of elements. It combines with other chemicals such as sulfur or carbon and oxygen to form barium compounds. Barium compounds are used by the oil and gas industries to make drilling muds. Drilling muds make it easier to drill through rock by keeping the drill bit lubricated. They are also used to make paint, bricks, ceramics, glass, and rubber. Barium sulfate is sometimes used by doctors to perform medical tests and to take x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains barium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. This category does not include: Barium sulfate CAS Number 7727-43-7. [TRI Glossary]
- Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
Definition 1:
Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Beryllium compounds are commercially mined, and the Beryllium is purified for use in nuclear weapons and reactors, aircraft and space vehicle structures, instruments, x-ray machines, and mirrors. Beryllium ores are used to make speciality ceramics for electrical and high-technology applications. Beryllium alloys are used in automobiles, computers, sports equipment (golf clubs and bicycle frames), and dental bridges. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Element beryllium. Where weights or concentrations are specified, such weights or concentrations apply to beryllium only, excluding the weight or concentration of any associated elements. [40 CFR 61.31 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains beryllium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Magnesium
Definition:
A base cation that helps to reduce acidification. [Acid Rain Glossary]
- Selenium and Selenium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains selenium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Strontium
Definition:
A soft silvery-white element of the alkaline earth group of metals, occurring chiefly as celestite and as strontianite. Its compounds burn with a crimson flame and are used in fire works. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Thallium and Thallium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains thallium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains vanadium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
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Alloy
Definition 1:
Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties and consisting of two or more elements; with few exceptions, the components are usually metallic elements. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Mixture containing mostly metals. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Steel contains iron and other metals but also carbon.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Glossary]
- Beryllium Alloy
Definition:
Any metal to which beryllium has been added in order to increase its beryllium content and which contains more than 0.1 percent beryllium by weight.[40 CFR 61.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Beryllium Copper Alloy
Definition:
Any copper alloy that is alloyed to contain 0.10 percent or greater beryllium. [40 CFR 468.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Brass
Definition:
Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals. [40 CFR 60.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Bronze
Definition:
Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals. [40 CFR 60.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Calcium Silicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A495-76 or 94 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Charge Chrome
Definition:
Alloy containing 52 to 70 percent by weight chromium, 5 to 8 percent by weight carbon, and 3 to 6 percent by weight silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Dental Amalgam
Definition:
Alloy of elemental mercury and other metal(s) that is used in the practice of dentistry. [40 CFR 441.20 (CFR 2017)]
- Ferrochrome Silicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A482-76 or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Ferromanganese Silicon
Definition:
Alloy containing 63 to 66 percent by weight manganese, 28 to 32 percent by weight silicon, and a maximum of 0.08 percent by weight carbon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Ferrosilicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69, 74, or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17) grades A, B, C, D, and E, which contains 50 or more percent by weight silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- High-Carbon Ferrochrome
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A101-73 or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17) grades HC1 through HC6.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Lead Alloy
Definition:
Alloy in which the predominant component is lead.[40 CFR 63.542 (CFR 2018)]
- Silicomanganese
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A483-64 or 74 (Reapproved 1988) (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silicomanganese Zirconium
Definition:
Alloy containing 60 to 65 percent by weight silicon, 1.5 to 2.5 percent by weight calcium, 5 to 7 percent by weight zirconium, 0.75 to 1.25 percent by weight aluminum, 5 to 7 percent by weight manganese, and 2 to 3 percent by weight barium.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silicon Metal
Definition:
Any silicon alloy containing more than 96 percent silicon by weight.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silvery Iron
Definition:
Any ferrosilicon, as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69, 74, or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17), which contains less than 30 percent silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Standard Ferromanganese
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A99-76 or 82 (Reapproved 1987) (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Zinc Compounds
Definition:
A zinc and copper alloy is used to make pennies in the United States. Zinc combines with other elements to form zinc compounds. Common zinc compounds found at hazardous waste sites include zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and zinc sulfide. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry to make paint, rubber, dyes, wood preservatives, and ointments.[CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
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Aluminum
Definition:
A soft, lightweight metal that occurs naturally in the environment. Many things are made out of aluminum, including soda cans, automobile parts, and electrical equipment. [Acid Rain Student Glossary]
- Aluminum Basis Material
Definition:
Aluminum, aluminum alloys and aluminum coated steels which are processed in coil coating. [40 CFR 465.02]
- High Purity Aluminum
Definition:
Aluminum produced with an average purity level of at least 99.9 percent. [40 CFR 63.842 (CFR 2016)]
- Base Metal
Definition 1:
Those metals usually considered to be of lesser value and of greater chemical reactivity compared to the noble (or precious) metals, most commonly copper, lead, zinc and tin. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
Definition 2:
Metal or metal alloy that comprises the workpiece. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Ferrous Metal
Definition:
Magnetic metals derived from iron or steel; products made from ferrous metals include appliances, furniture, containers, and packaging like steel drums and barrels. Recycled products include processing tin/steel cans, strapping, and metals from appliances into new products. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
- Gold
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Heavy Metals
Definition 1:
Metallic elements, such as mercury, lead, nickel, zinc, and cadmium, that are of environmental concern because they do not degrade over time. Although many are necessary nutrients, they are sometimes magnified in the food chain and in high concentrations can be toxic to life. [Watershed Protection Glossary]
Definition 2:
A metal whose specific gravity is approximately 5.0 or higher. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A metal having a specific gravity of 5.0 or greater. Heavy metals are generally toxic to organisms in relatively low concentrations, and tend to accumulate in the food web. Examples include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. [NOAA Coral Reef Glossary]
Definition 4:
Any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. [Chesapeake Bay Program Glossary]
Definition 5:
All uranium, plutonium, or thorium placed into a nuclear reactor.[40 CFR 191.12 (CFR 2018)]
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Cadmium
Definition 1:
Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal used primarily for metal plating and coating operations, in applications such as transportation equipment, machinery and baking enamels, photography, and television phosphors. It also is used in nickel-cadmium and solar batteries, and in pigments. It also is found in cigarette smoke and is an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 3:
Chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
- Cadmium Telluride
Definition:
Polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
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Chromium
Definition 1:
A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. [Childrens Health Protection Glossary]
Definition 3:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [America's Children and the Environment Terms]
Definition 4:
Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 5:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. (See "heavy metals.") It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Chromated Copper Arsenate
Definition 1:
A water-borne preservative containing active ingredients that are inorganic metal oxides, or less frequently salts, and are commonly used to treat dimensional lumber and telephone poles. [RCRA Glossary of Terms]
Definition 2:
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) is used to make "pressure-treated" lumber. CCA is no longer used in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 3:
Chemical wood preservative consisting of mixtures of water-soluble chemicals containing metal oxides of chromium, copper, and arsenic. CCA is used in pressure treated wood to protect wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. [40 CFR 63.11433 (CFR 2013)]
- Chromic Acid
Definition 1:
Chromium trioxide (CrO3). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium dichromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Common name for chromium anhydride (CrO3). [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Chromic Oxide
Definition:
Cr2O3. In the production of chromic oxide, ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate that have been concentrated by evaporation are mixed and fed to a rotary roasting kiln to produce chromic oxide, sodium sulfate and nitrogen gas. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexavalent Chromium
Definition 1:
Oxidation state of chromium with an oxidation number of +6; a coordination number of 4 and tetrahedral geometry. [40 CFR 749.68 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 6.[40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Sodium Chromate
Definition:
Na2CrO4. It is produced by roasting chromite ore in a rotary kiln. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Sodium Dichromate
Definition:
Sodium bichromate or sodium bichromate dihydrate and is known technically as sodium dichromate dihydrate (Na2Cr2O7 • 2H2O). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium chromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Trivalent Chromium
Definition:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 3. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Lead
Definition 1:
A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy toxic bluish-white metallic element that is highly malleable; occurs principally as galena and is used in alloys, accumulators, cable sheaths, paints, and as a radiation shield. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Elemental lead or alloys in which the predominant component is lead. [40 CFR 60.121 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 60.121a (CFR 2024)]
Definition 4:
Pb [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Manganese
Definition:
An element designated by the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steel. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
- Molybdenum
Definition:
Total molybdenum. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
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Nonferrous Metal
Definition 1:
Any pure metal other than iron or any metal alloy for which an element other than iron is its major constituent by percent in weight. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.10906 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Pure metal other than iron or any metal alloy for which a metal other than iron is its major constituent in percent by weight. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Nonmagnetic metals such as aluminum, lead, and copper. Products made from nonferrous metals include containers and packaging such as beverage cans, food and other nonfood cans; nonferrous metals found in appliances, furniture, electronic equipment; and nonpackaging aluminum products (foil, closures, and lids from bimetal cans). Excludes lead-acid batteries and nonferrous metals from industrial applications and construction and demolition debris. (U.S. EPA, 1996b)[Recycling – State and Local Glossary]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Precious Metals
Definition 1:
Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum group metals. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
Definition 2:
Gold, silver, or platinum group metals and the principal alloys of those metals. [40 CFR 466.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Gold, platinum, palladium and silver and their alloys. Any alloy containing 30 or greater percent by weight of precious metals is considered a precious metal. [40 CFR 468.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Gold, platinum, palladium, and silver and their alloys. Any alloy containing 30 or greater percent by weight of precious metals is considered a precious metal alloy. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. [40 CFR 421.261 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum group metals. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
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Rare Earth Metals
Definition:
Elements scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum to lutetium, inclusive. [40 CFR 421.271 (CFR 2013)]
- Mischmetal
Definition:
Rare earth metal alloy comprised of the natural mixture of rare earths to about 94-99 percent. The balance of the alloy includes traces of other elements and one to two percent iron. [40 CFR 421.271 (CFR 2013)]
- Refractory Metals
Definition:
Metals of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten and vanadium and their alloys. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Silver and Silver Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains silver as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
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Steel
Definition:
An iron-base alloy containing carbon, manganese, and often other alloying elements. Steel is defined here to include only those iron-carbon alloys containing less than 1.2 percent carbon by weight. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Carbon Steel
Definition 1:
Steel that contains approximately 2 percent or less carbon, 1.65 percent or less manganese, 0.6 percent or less silicon, and 0.6 percent or less copper. [40 CFR 63.1156 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Steel products other than specialty steel products. [40 CFR 420.71 (CFR 2013)]
- High-Strength Steel
Definition:
Steel with tensile strength at or above 350 MPa. [86 FR 34308; 40 CFR 1037.801 (CFR 2021)]
- Leaded Steel
Definition:
Steel that must meet a minimum specification for lead content (typically 0.25 percent or more) and for which lead is a necessary alloy for that grade of steel. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
- Specialty Steel
Definition 1:
Category of steel that includes silicon electrical, alloy, tool, and stainless steels. [40 CFR 63.1156 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Low carbon and high alloy steel other than stainless steel that is processed in an argon-oxygen decarburization vessel. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Steel products containing alloying elements which are added to enhance the properties of the steel product when individual alloying elements (e.g., aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium) exceed 3% or the total of all alloying elements exceed 5%. [40 CFR 420.71]
+
Stainless Steel
Definition:
Low carbon steel that contains at least 10.5 percent chromium. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
- 300 Series Stainless Steel
Definition:
Any stainless steel alloy with a Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys number designated from S30100 to S39000. For all instances in this part where we specify 300 series stainless steel, such parts must also have a smooth inner-wall construction. We recommend an average roughness, R a, no greater than 4 µm. [40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
- Steel Basis Material
Definition:
Cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, and chrome, nickel and tin coated steel which are processed in coil coating. [40 CFR 465.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Titanium
+
Transition Element
Definition:
Metallic elements in which the members have the filling of the outermost shell to 8 electrons interrupted to bring the penultimate shell from 8 to 18 or 32 electrons; includes elements 21 through 29 (scandium through copper), 39 through 47 (yttrium through silver), 57 through 79 (lanthanum through gold), and all known elements from 89 (actinium) on. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
+
Cadmium
Definition 1:
Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal used primarily for metal plating and coating operations, in applications such as transportation equipment, machinery and baking enamels, photography, and television phosphors. It also is used in nickel-cadmium and solar batteries, and in pigments. It also is found in cigarette smoke and is an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 3:
Chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
- Cadmium Telluride
Definition:
Polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
+
Chromium
Definition 1:
A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. [Childrens Health Protection Glossary]
Definition 3:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [America's Children and the Environment Terms]
Definition 4:
Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 5:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. (See "heavy metals.") It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Chromated Copper Arsenate
Definition 1:
A water-borne preservative containing active ingredients that are inorganic metal oxides, or less frequently salts, and are commonly used to treat dimensional lumber and telephone poles. [RCRA Glossary of Terms]
Definition 2:
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) is used to make "pressure-treated" lumber. CCA is no longer used in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 3:
Chemical wood preservative consisting of mixtures of water-soluble chemicals containing metal oxides of chromium, copper, and arsenic. CCA is used in pressure treated wood to protect wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. [40 CFR 63.11433 (CFR 2013)]
- Chromic Acid
Definition 1:
Chromium trioxide (CrO3). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium dichromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Common name for chromium anhydride (CrO3). [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Chromic Oxide
Definition:
Cr2O3. In the production of chromic oxide, ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate that have been concentrated by evaporation are mixed and fed to a rotary roasting kiln to produce chromic oxide, sodium sulfate and nitrogen gas. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexavalent Chromium
Definition 1:
Oxidation state of chromium with an oxidation number of +6; a coordination number of 4 and tetrahedral geometry. [40 CFR 749.68 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 6.[40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Sodium Chromate
Definition:
Na2CrO4. It is produced by roasting chromite ore in a rotary kiln. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Sodium Dichromate
Definition:
Sodium bichromate or sodium bichromate dihydrate and is known technically as sodium dichromate dihydrate (Na2Cr2O7 • 2H2O). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium chromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Trivalent Chromium
Definition:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 3. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
+
Copper and Copper Compounds
Definition 1:
A chemical element; one of the most important nonferrous metals; a ductile and malleable metal found in various ores and used in industry, engineering, and the arts in both pure and alloyed form. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains copper as part of that chemical's infrastructure. This category does not include copper phthalocyanine compounds that are substituted with only hydrogen, and/or chlorine, and/or bromine. [TRI Glossary]
- Anode Copper
Definition:
Copper that is cast into anodes and refined in an electrolytic process to produce high purity copper. [40 CFR 63.11158 (CFR 2013)]
- Copper Matte
Definition:
Material predominately composed of copper and iron sulfides produced by smelting copper ore concentrates. [40 CFR 63.1459 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.11151 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.1459 (CFR 2024)]
+
Iron
Definition 1:
A metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. It has the atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
Definition 2:
A malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Beach Iron
+
Cast Iron
Definition:
An iron containing carbon in excess of the solubility in the austentite that exists in the alloy at the eutectic temperature. Cast iron also is defined here to include any iron-carbon alloys containing 1.2 percent or more carbon by weight. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Gray Iron
Definition:
A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of flake graphite. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Direct-Reduced Iron
Definition:
Iron produced by reduction of iron ore (pellets or briquettes) using gaseous (carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide, hydrogen) or solid reactants. [40 CFR 420.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Ductile Iron
Definition:
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with a master alloy containing an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherules, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Malleable Iron
Definition:
A cast iron made by a prolonged anneal of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. Graphite is present in the form of temper carbon. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
+
Molten Iron
Definition:
Iron produced in a blast furnace as measured at the blast furnace, and may include relatively minor amounts of blast furnace slag that may be skimmed from the molten iron at the steelmaking shop or other location remote from the blast furnace. [40 CFR 420.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Nickel
Definition 1:
A malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that is strong and corrosion-resistant, occurring principally in pentlandite and niccolite: used in alloys, especially in toughening steel, in electroplating, and as a catalyst in organic synthesis. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Total nickel. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
+
Uranium
Definition 1:
A heavy silvery-white metallic element, highly radioactive and easily oxidized. Of the 14 known isotopes of uranium, U238 is the most abundant in nature. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 2:
Uranium (chemical symbol U, atomic number 92) is a silvery metallic element in the actinide series. The heaviest naturally occurring element, uranium is nearly twice as dense as lead and weakly radioactive. It occurs naturally in low concentrations (a few parts per million) in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[USGS Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 3:
A naturally radioactive element with the atomic number of 92 (number of protons in nucleus) and an atomic weight of approximately 238. The two principal naturally occurring isotopes are the fissionable U-235 (0.7% of natural uranium) and the fertile U-238 (99.3% of natural uranium). [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
- Uranium-235
Definition:
A naturally-occurring isotope of uranium. U-235 can be concentrated in a process called “enrichment,” making it suitable for use in nuclear reactors or weapons. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/uranium.asp]
- Uranium-238
Definition:
The most abundant naturally-occurring uranium isotope.
- Zinc
Definition:
Zinc is one of the most common elements in the earth's crust. It is found in air, soil, and water, and is present in all foods. Pure zinc is a bluish-white shiny metal. Zinc has many commercial uses as coatings to prevent rust, in dry cell batteries, and mixed with other metals to make alloys like brass, and bronze. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Transuranic Elements
Definition:
Elements with atomic numbers higher than uranium (92). For example, plutonium and americium are transuranics. [Glossary Compare]
+
Noncarboxylic Acids and Salts
Definition:
Inorganic acids or salts with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Boric Acids
Definition:
Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Carbonic Acid
Definition 1:
(H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
CASRN 463-79-6
+
Hydrochloric Acid and Salts
Definition:
A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water; a poisonous, pungent liquid forming a constant-boiling mixture at 20% concentration in water; widely used as a reagent, in organic synthesis, in acidizing oil wells, ore reduction, food processing, and metal cleaning and pickling. Also known as muriatic acid. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Alkali Chlorides
- Calcium Chloride
Definition:
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Magnesium Chloride
Definition:
Inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [MeSH]
- Potassium Chloride
- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Cl-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sodium Chloride
Definition:
Table salt. A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Tetramethyl Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
C4H12ClN. A quaternary ammonium salt and high production volume chemical with multiple uses.
- Hydrocyanic Acid
Definition:
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Monomethylarsenic Acid
Definition:
Molecular formula CH5AsO3; Molecular weight 139.9702 g/mol. White hygroscopic solid is various forms. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
+
Nitric Acid
Definition 1:
A highly reactive oxidizing agent obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulfuric acid. [NOAA Paleoclimatology Climate Glossary]
Definition 2:
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 3:
HNO3 [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Weak Nitric Acid
Definition:
Acid which is 30 to 70 percent in strength.[40 CFR 60.71a (CFR 2013)]
+
Phosphonic Acid Salt
Definition:
Salt of alkyl or aryl derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Glyphosate
Definition 1:
CASRN: 1071-83-6 is a non-selective herbicide registered for use on many food and non-food field crops as well as non-crop areas where total vegetation control is desired. [NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank]
Definition 2:
CASRN 1071-83-6
- Phosphoric Acid
Definition:
Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfuric Acid
Definition:
An acid that can be produced in the atmosphere from sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that results from the burning of fossil fuels. [Acid Rain Glossary]
+
Silicates
Definition:
Refers to the chemical unit silicon tetroxide, SiO4, the fundamental building block of silicate minerals. Silicate minerals make up most rocks we see at the Earth's surface. [USGS Geology in the Parks Glossary]
+
Asbestos
Definition 1:
A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted the use of asbestos in manufacturing and construction. [Environmental Issues Glossary]
Definition 2:
Generic name for a group of fibrous mineral silicates. It includes blue asbestos (crocidolite), white asbestos (chrysotile) and brown asbestos (amosite). After they are mined the asbestos fibres are separated from the rock and are spun into a cloth. When inhaled the fibres penetrate the lungs and the tissues of the bronchial tubes, resulting in asbestosis, a crippling lung disease. Asbestos also causes cancer of the lung and the gastro-intestinal tract, and mesothelioma, a malignant cancer of the inner lining of the chest. However, because it is a poor conductor of electricity and highly resistant to heat it has been widely used over the years in fire-fighting suits, and building and insulating materials. The fibrous form of several silicate minerals, at one time widely used for electrical and thermal insulation; the use of all forms of asbestos is now either banned or strictly controlled in many countries since it causes cancer. (Source: WRIGHT / ALL) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
The asbestiform varieties of serpentinite (chrysotile), riebeckite (crocidolite), cummingtonitegrunerite, anthophyllite, and actinolite-tremolite. (40 CFR 61.141) [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
Definition 4:
A group of naturally occurring minerals that separate into long, thin fibers. Asbestos was used for many years to insulate and fireproof buildings. In the 1989 CBECS, information on asbestos in buildings was collected (Section R of the Buildings Questionnaire) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Asbestos treatment methods include removal, encapsulation or sealing, and enclosure behind a permanent barrier. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 5:
A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction. [Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Glossary]
Definition 6:
Asbestiform varieties of: Chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cum- mingtonitegrunerite); anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite. [40 CFR 763.83 (CFR 2013)]
- Actinolite
Definition:
Mineral in the amphibole group. It is generally not used commercially, but is a common impurity in chrysotile asbestos. [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Amosite
Definition:
Brown asbestos
+
Amphibole
Definition:
Group of double chain silicate minerals. [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Anthophyllite
Definition:
Type of asbestos in the amphibole group; it is also known as azbolen asbestos.[Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Asbestos Dust
- Chrysotile
Definition:
White asbestos
- Chrysotile Asbestos
Definition:
Asbestiform variety of a hydrated magnesium silicate mineral, with relatively long and flexible crystalline fibers that are capable of being woven. [40 CFR 751.503 (CFR 2024)]
- Crocidolite
Definition:
Blue Asbestos
- Libby Amphibole Asbestos
Definition:
The term used in this document to identify the mixture of amphibole mineral fibers of varying elemental composition (e.g., winchite, richterite, tremolite, etc.) that have been identified in the Rainy Creek complex near Libby, MT, as described in Meeker et al. (2003). [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Zeolites
Definition:
A group of hydrous aluminosilicate minerals containing sodium, calcium, potassium or other alkali or alkaline earth elements, which typically have an open crystal structure. These minerals are widely used in chemical processes for their cation exchange capabilities. [EPA Abandoned Mite Site Characterization and Cleanup Handbook; Appendix A: Acronym List and Glossary of Mining Terms at http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/pdfs/appendix.pdf]
+
Water
Definition 1:
The liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas; and is a major constituent of all living matter and that is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0 degrees Celcius ( 32 degrees... F) and boils at 100 degrees Celcius (212 degrees F). [Web Taxonomy-Environmental Media Topics]
Definition 2:
Common liquid (H2O) which forms rain, rivers, the sea, etc., and which makes up a large part of the bodies of organisms. (Source: PHC) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid compound of hydrogen and oxygen. The liquid form of steam and ice. Fresh water at atmospheric pressure is used as a standard for describing the relative density of liquids, the standard for liquid capacity, and the standard for fluid flow. The melting and boiling points of water are the basis for the Celsius temperature system. Water is the only byproduct of the combination of hydrogen and oxygen and is produced during the burning of any hydrocarbon. Water is the only substance that expands on freezing as well as by heating and has a maximum density at 4°C. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Glossary]
- Saline Water
Definition:
Water that contains significant amounts of dissolved solids. Here are our parameters for saline water: Fresh water - Less than 1,000 parts per million (ppm); Slightly saline water - From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm; Moderately saline water - From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm; Highly saline water - From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm. [USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms]
- Surface Moisture
Definition:
Water that is not chemically bound to a metallic mineral or metallic mineral concentrate.[40 CFR 60.381 (CFR 2013)]
+ Inorganic Compounds
Definition 1: Compounds composed of mineral materials, including elemental salts and metals such as iron, aluminum, mercury, and zinc. [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
Definition 2: Chemical substances of mineral origin, not of basically carbon structure. [Terms of Environment]
- Hydrogen Peroxide
Definition 1:
Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless liquid at room temperature with a bitter taste. Small amounts of gaseous hydrogen peroxide occur naturally in the air. Hydrogen peroxide is unstable, decomposing readily to oxygen and water with release of heat. Although nonflammable, it is a powerful oxidizing agent that can cause spontaneous combustion when it comes in contact with organic material. Hydrogen peroxide is found in many households at low concentrations (3-9%) for medicinal applications and as a clothes and hair bleach. In industry, hydrogen peroxide in higher concentrations is used as a bleach for textiles and paper, as a component of rocket fuels, and for producing foam rubber and organic chemicals. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Hydrogen peroxide is used to increase the dissolved oxygen content of groundwater to stimulate aerobic biodegradation of organic contaminants. Hydrogen peroxide is infinitely soluble in water, but rapidly dissociates to form a molecule of water and one-half molecule of oxygen. Dissolved oxygen concentrations of greater than 1,000 mg/L are possible using hydrogen peroxide, but high levels of D.O. can be toxic to microorganisms.[Office of Underground Storage Tanks Technical Terms]
+
Inorganic Anion
Definition:
Inorganic negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [Adapted from National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
- Borates
Definition:
Boron-containing oxyanions. Salts of Boric acid. H3BO3.
+
Carbonates
Definition 1:
Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
Compounds containing the radical CO3 −2. Upon calcination, the carbonate radical decomposes to evolve carbon dioxide (CO2). Common carbonates consumed in the mineral industry include calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or calcite; magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) or magnesite; and calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) or dolomite. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
- Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
- Chlorates
Definition:
Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Chromates
Definition:
Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
+
Cyanides and Cyanide Compounds
Definition 1:
Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
X⁺CN⁻ where X = H⁺ or any other group where a formal dissociation can be made. For example KCN or Ca(CN)₂. [TRI Glossary]
- Cyanide A
Definition 1:
Those cyanides amenable to chlorination and is determined by the methods specified in 40 CFR 136.3. [40 CFR 415.91 (CFR 2017)]
Definition 2:
Cyanide amenable to chlorination as defined by 40 CFR 136. [40 CFR 413.02 (CFR 2017)]
- Free Cyanide
Definition:
Chemical species of cyanide that are dissolved in water and are bioavailable and known for their toxic effects on living organisms. This refers to the sum of molecular hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanide ion (CN- ) dissolved in water. Included in this definition are the dissolved products of cyanide salts (including potassium cyanide [KCN] and sodium cyanide [NaCN]), as these salts dissociate to cyanide ion and hydrogen cyanide when added to water. [40 CFR 63.1103 (CFR 2022)]
- Pregnant Cyanide Solution
Definition:
Inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from nitriles, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Hypochlorites
Definition:
Sodium hypochlorite is generally used dissolved in water at various concentrations. Although available, solid sodium hypochlorite is not commercially used. Sodium hypochlorite solutions are clear, greenish to yellow liquids with an odor of chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that readily decomposes in water releasing oxygen and chlorine. It also has a strong chlorine odor. Neither compound occur naturally in the environment. Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as bleaching agents or disinfectants. They are components of commercial bleaches, cleaning solutions, and disinfectants for drinking water and waste water purification systems and swimming pools. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Inorganic Sulfates
Definition:
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. ]NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Nitrate
Definition 1:
Plant nutrient and fertilizer that enters water supply sources from fertilizers, animal feed lots, manures, sewage, septic systems, industrial wastewaters, sanitary landfills, and garbage dumps. [Private Wells Glossary]
Definition 2:
An ion consisting of nitrogen and oxygen (NO3-). Nitrate is a plant nutrient and is very mobile in soils. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
+
Phosphates
Definition:
Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus. [Terms of Environment]
- Calcium Halophosphate
- Diammonium Phosphate
- Fresh Granular Triple Superphosphate
Definition:
Granular triple superphosphate produced within the preceding 72 hours. [40 CFR 60.241 (CFR 2013)]
+
Organophosphates
Definition:
Pesticides that contain phosphorus; short-lived, but some can be toxic when first applied. [Terms of Environment]
- Malathion
Definition:
CASRN 121-75-5 Malathion is an insecticide that does not occur naturally. Pure malathion is a colorless liquid, and technical-grade malathion, which contains >90% malathion and impurities in a solvent, is a brownish-yellow liquid that smells like garlic. Malathion is used to kill insects on farm crops and in gardens, to treat lice on humans, and to treat fleas on pets. Malathion is also used to kill mosquitos and Mediterranean fruit flies on (medflies) in large outdoor areas. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Methamidophos
- Orthophosphate
- Polyphosphates
Definition:
Compounds including hexametaphosphate, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate which as their sodium salts may be added to drinking water
- Run-of-Pile Triple Superphosphate
Definition:
Any triple superphosphate that has not been processed in a granulator and is composed of particles at least 25 percent by weight of which (when not caked) will pass through a 16 mesh screen. [40 CFR 60.231 (CFR 2013)]
- Sulfides
Definition:
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfites
Definition:
Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
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Inorganic Carbon Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons. [NLM Medication Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Bicarbonates
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Carbon Allotropes
Definition:
The different physical forms for elemental carbon.
- Graphite
Definition:
An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
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Carbon Black
Definition:
An amorphous form of carbon, produced commercially by thermal or oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons and used principally in rubber goods, pigments, and printer's ink. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
- Powdered Activated Carbon
Definition:
A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from waste drinking water. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems. [Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Glossary]
- Diamond
Definition:
A crystalline form of carbon that occurs as hard, colorless or tinted isomeric crystals. It is used as a precious stone, for cutting glass, and as bearings for delicate mechanisms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Fullerenes
Definition:
Pure carbon, cage-like molecules composed of at least 20 atoms of carbon. The word ‘fullerene’ is derived from the word “Buckminsterfullerene,” which refers specifically to the C60 molecule and is named after Buckminster Fuller, an architect who described and made famous the geodesic dome. C60 and C70 are the most common and easy to produce fullerenes. [EPA Nanotechnology White Paper at http://www.epa.gov/osa/pdfs/nanotech/epa-nanotechnology-whitepaper-0207.pdf]
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Carbon Dioxide
Definition 1:
CAS 124-38-9. A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion. Although carbon dioxide does not directly impair human health, it is a greenhouse gas that traps terrestrial (i.e., infrared) radiation and contributes to the potential for global warming. [Greenhouse Emissions Glossary]
Definition 2:
CO2. [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless, incombustible gas, present in the atmosphere and formed during respiration, usually obtained from coal, coke, or natural gas by combustion, from carbohydrates by fermentation, by reaction of acid with limestone or other carbonates, or naturally from springs. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 4:
A naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
Definition 1:
CAS 630-08-0. A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels. including gasoline, oil and wood. Carbon monoxide is also produced from incomplete combustion of many natural and synthetic products. For instance, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. [Clean Air Act - Plain English]
Definition 2:
CO [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion. Represented as CO.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Bioenergy Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels; one of the six "criteria" pollutants for which EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the Clean Air Act. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
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Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
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Ammonia
Definition 1:
A pungent colorless gaseous alkaline compound of nitrogen and hydrogen NH3 that is very soluble in water and can easily be condensed to a liquid by cold and pressure. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
Definition 2:
A colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble in water, has a characteristic pungent odour, is lighter than air, and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 4:
A colorless, pungent, gas (NH3) that is extremely soluble in water, may be used as a refrigerant; a fixed nitrogen form suitable as fertilizer. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Glossary of Energy-Related Terms]
Definition 5:
NH3 [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
One of the most abundant nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. It is an irritant with a characteristic pungent odor, which is widely used in industry. It is used in fertilizers to serve as a source of nitrogen for plants. [Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Glossary]
- Liquid Ammonia
Definition:
Liquid ammonia commercially shipped for which the Department of Transportation requires 0.2 percent minimum water content. [40 CFR 418.51 (CFR 2017)]
- Ammonium Persulfate
Definition:
Ammonium persulfate is a white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
- Nitrogen
Definition:
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [MeSH]
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Nitrogen Oxides
Definition 1:
Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants. [Climate Change Glossary]
Definition 2:
All oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide, as measured by test methods set forth in this part. [40 CFR 60.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas or emission point, collectively expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 51.900 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 51.1100 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the nitric oxide were in the form of nitrogen dioxide (oxides of nitrogen are assumed to have a molecular weight equivalent to nitrogen dioxide). [40 CFR 92.2 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 94.2 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. [40 CFR 1039.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1042.901 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1033.901 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1036.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1037.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1045.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1048.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1051.801 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 1054.801 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
NO and NO2 as measured by the procedures specified in § 1065.270. Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO is in the form of NO2, such that you use an effective molar mass for all oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2.[40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 7:
Sum of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the flue gas, expressed as nitrogen dioxide. [40 CFR 49.5512 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 8:
Sum of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the flue gas, expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 49.5513 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 9:
Oxides of nitrogen and is defined as the sum of the concentrations of NO2 and NO. [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 10:
Nitrogen oxide.[40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 11:
Oxides of nitrogen and is defined as the sum of the concentrations of NO2 and NO. [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 12:
Generic term for the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution, namely nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). These gases contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, as well as tropospheric ozone. [Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Glossary]
Definition 13:
Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
Definition 14:
Sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas or emission point, collectively expressed as nitrogen dioxide.[40 CFR 51.1300 (CFR 2019)]
Definition 15:
Oxides of nitrogen except nitrous oxide (N2 O), reported on an equivalent molecular weight basis as nitrogen dioxide (NO2). [86 FR 23054; 40 CFR 97.402 (CFR 2021)]
- Nitrogen Dioxide
Definition 1:
The result of nitric oxide combining with oxygen in the atmosphere; major component of photochemical smog. [Terms Environment]
Definition 2:
NO2. [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Nitrous Oxide
Definition 1:
A colorless, odorless greenhouse gas. It occurs both naturally and as a result of people's activities. Major sources include farming practices (such as using fertilizers) that add extra nitrogen to the soil, burning fossil fuels, and certain industrial processes. [Global Climate Change]
Definition 2:
N2O [40 CFR 98.6 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
A powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Natural emissions of N₂O are mainly from bacteria breaking down nitrogen in soils and the oceans. Nitrous oxide is mainly removed from the atmosphere through destruction in the stratosphere by ultraviolet radiation and associated chemical reactions, but it can also be consumed by certain types of bacteria in soils.[Glossary of Climate Change Terms]
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Inorganic Sulfur Compounds
Definition:
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfides
Definition:
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
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Sulfur Oxides
Definition:
Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Persulfate
- Sulfur Dioxide
Definition 1:
A compound composed of one sulfur and two oxygen molecules. Sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through natural and anthropogenic processes is changed in a complex series of chemical reactions in the atmosphere to sulfate aerosols. These aerosols are believed to result in negative radiative forcing... (i.e., tending to cool the Earth's surface) and do result in acid deposition (e.g., acid rain). [Greenhouse Gas Emissions]
Definition 2:
A criteria air pollutant. Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by burning coal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid. Sulfur dioxide plays an important... role in the production of acid rain. [Air Permitting Terms]
Definition 3:
A naturally occurring gas made of sulfur and oxygen that causes acid rain. Burning fossil fuels, such as coal, releases SO2 into the atmosphere. Various EPA programs are reducing SO2 emissions, including the Acid Rain Program (http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/index.html). [Acid Rain Glossary]
Definition 4:
Sulfur dioxide.[40 CFR 53.1(CFR 2013)][40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
A pungent, colorless, gaseous pollutant formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. One of the six "criteria" pollutants for which EPA has set national ambient air quality standards.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
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Metal
+
Alkali Metals
Definition:
Group IA elements of the periodic table. Includes sodium and potassium among others. Generally reactive metals.
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Cesium
Definition:
A metal that may be stable (non radioactive) or unstable (radioactive). The most common radioactive form of cesium is cesium-137. Another fairly common radioisotope is cesium-134. Cesium-137 is much more significant as an environmental contaminant than cesium-134. It is also very useful in industry for its strong radioactivity. [Radiation Protection Radiation Glossary]
- Cesium-137
Definition:
A radioactive cesium isotope. A byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons tests that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s and from nuclear reactor accidents, such as the Chernobyl power plant accident in 1986, which distributed Cs-137 to many countries in Europe. [Adapted from CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/cesium.asp]
- Potassium
Definition:
A metallic element that is important in body functions such as regulation of blood pressure and of water content in cells, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction, and heartbeat. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
- Sodium
Definition:
An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [MeSH] [National Cancer Institute Metathesaurus]
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Definition:
Any of the divalent electropositive metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, belonging to group 2A of the periodic table. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Barium and Barium Compounds
Definition 1:
Barium is a silvery-white metal which exists in nature only in ores containing mixtures of elements. It combines with other chemicals such as sulfur or carbon and oxygen to form barium compounds. Barium compounds are used by the oil and gas industries to make drilling muds. Drilling muds make it easier to drill through rock by keeping the drill bit lubricated. They are also used to make paint, bricks, ceramics, glass, and rubber. Barium sulfate is sometimes used by doctors to perform medical tests and to take x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains barium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. This category does not include: Barium sulfate CAS Number 7727-43-7. [TRI Glossary]
- Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
Definition 1:
Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Beryllium compounds are commercially mined, and the Beryllium is purified for use in nuclear weapons and reactors, aircraft and space vehicle structures, instruments, x-ray machines, and mirrors. Beryllium ores are used to make speciality ceramics for electrical and high-technology applications. Beryllium alloys are used in automobiles, computers, sports equipment (golf clubs and bicycle frames), and dental bridges. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
Element beryllium. Where weights or concentrations are specified, such weights or concentrations apply to beryllium only, excluding the weight or concentration of any associated elements. [40 CFR 61.31 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains beryllium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Magnesium
Definition:
A base cation that helps to reduce acidification. [Acid Rain Glossary]
- Selenium and Selenium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains selenium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Strontium
Definition:
A soft silvery-white element of the alkaline earth group of metals, occurring chiefly as celestite and as strontianite. Its compounds burn with a crimson flame and are used in fire works. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Thallium and Thallium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains thallium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains vanadium as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
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Alloy
Definition 1:
Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties and consisting of two or more elements; with few exceptions, the components are usually metallic elements. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Mixture containing mostly metals. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Steel contains iron and other metals but also carbon.[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Glossary]
- Beryllium Alloy
Definition:
Any metal to which beryllium has been added in order to increase its beryllium content and which contains more than 0.1 percent beryllium by weight.[40 CFR 61.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Beryllium Copper Alloy
Definition:
Any copper alloy that is alloyed to contain 0.10 percent or greater beryllium. [40 CFR 468.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Brass
Definition:
Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals. [40 CFR 60.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Bronze
Definition:
Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals. [40 CFR 60.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Calcium Silicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A495-76 or 94 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Charge Chrome
Definition:
Alloy containing 52 to 70 percent by weight chromium, 5 to 8 percent by weight carbon, and 3 to 6 percent by weight silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Dental Amalgam
Definition:
Alloy of elemental mercury and other metal(s) that is used in the practice of dentistry. [40 CFR 441.20 (CFR 2017)]
- Ferrochrome Silicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A482-76 or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Ferromanganese Silicon
Definition:
Alloy containing 63 to 66 percent by weight manganese, 28 to 32 percent by weight silicon, and a maximum of 0.08 percent by weight carbon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Ferrosilicon
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69, 74, or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17) grades A, B, C, D, and E, which contains 50 or more percent by weight silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- High-Carbon Ferrochrome
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A101-73 or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17) grades HC1 through HC6.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Lead Alloy
Definition:
Alloy in which the predominant component is lead.[40 CFR 63.542 (CFR 2018)]
- Silicomanganese
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A483-64 or 74 (Reapproved 1988) (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silicomanganese Zirconium
Definition:
Alloy containing 60 to 65 percent by weight silicon, 1.5 to 2.5 percent by weight calcium, 5 to 7 percent by weight zirconium, 0.75 to 1.25 percent by weight aluminum, 5 to 7 percent by weight manganese, and 2 to 3 percent by weight barium.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silicon Metal
Definition:
Any silicon alloy containing more than 96 percent silicon by weight.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Silvery Iron
Definition:
Any ferrosilicon, as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69, 74, or 93 (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17), which contains less than 30 percent silicon.[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Standard Ferromanganese
Definition:
Alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A99-76 or 82 (Reapproved 1987) (incorporated by reference—see § 60.17).[40 CFR 60.261 (CFR 2013)]
- Zinc Compounds
Definition:
A zinc and copper alloy is used to make pennies in the United States. Zinc combines with other elements to form zinc compounds. Common zinc compounds found at hazardous waste sites include zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and zinc sulfide. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry to make paint, rubber, dyes, wood preservatives, and ointments.[CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
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Aluminum
Definition:
A soft, lightweight metal that occurs naturally in the environment. Many things are made out of aluminum, including soda cans, automobile parts, and electrical equipment. [Acid Rain Student Glossary]
- Aluminum Basis Material
Definition:
Aluminum, aluminum alloys and aluminum coated steels which are processed in coil coating. [40 CFR 465.02]
- High Purity Aluminum
Definition:
Aluminum produced with an average purity level of at least 99.9 percent. [40 CFR 63.842 (CFR 2016)]
- Base Metal
Definition 1:
Those metals usually considered to be of lesser value and of greater chemical reactivity compared to the noble (or precious) metals, most commonly copper, lead, zinc and tin. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
Definition 2:
Metal or metal alloy that comprises the workpiece. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Ferrous Metal
Definition:
Magnetic metals derived from iron or steel; products made from ferrous metals include appliances, furniture, containers, and packaging like steel drums and barrels. Recycled products include processing tin/steel cans, strapping, and metals from appliances into new products. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
- Gold
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Heavy Metals
Definition 1:
Metallic elements, such as mercury, lead, nickel, zinc, and cadmium, that are of environmental concern because they do not degrade over time. Although many are necessary nutrients, they are sometimes magnified in the food chain and in high concentrations can be toxic to life. [Watershed Protection Glossary]
Definition 2:
A metal whose specific gravity is approximately 5.0 or higher. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A metal having a specific gravity of 5.0 or greater. Heavy metals are generally toxic to organisms in relatively low concentrations, and tend to accumulate in the food web. Examples include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. [NOAA Coral Reef Glossary]
Definition 4:
Any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. [Chesapeake Bay Program Glossary]
Definition 5:
All uranium, plutonium, or thorium placed into a nuclear reactor.[40 CFR 191.12 (CFR 2018)]
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Cadmium
Definition 1:
Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal used primarily for metal plating and coating operations, in applications such as transportation equipment, machinery and baking enamels, photography, and television phosphors. It also is used in nickel-cadmium and solar batteries, and in pigments. It also is found in cigarette smoke and is an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 3:
Chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
- Cadmium Telluride
Definition:
Polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
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Chromium
Definition 1:
A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. [Childrens Health Protection Glossary]
Definition 3:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [America's Children and the Environment Terms]
Definition 4:
Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 5:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. (See "heavy metals.") It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Chromated Copper Arsenate
Definition 1:
A water-borne preservative containing active ingredients that are inorganic metal oxides, or less frequently salts, and are commonly used to treat dimensional lumber and telephone poles. [RCRA Glossary of Terms]
Definition 2:
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) is used to make "pressure-treated" lumber. CCA is no longer used in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 3:
Chemical wood preservative consisting of mixtures of water-soluble chemicals containing metal oxides of chromium, copper, and arsenic. CCA is used in pressure treated wood to protect wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. [40 CFR 63.11433 (CFR 2013)]
- Chromic Acid
Definition 1:
Chromium trioxide (CrO3). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium dichromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Common name for chromium anhydride (CrO3). [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Chromic Oxide
Definition:
Cr2O3. In the production of chromic oxide, ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate that have been concentrated by evaporation are mixed and fed to a rotary roasting kiln to produce chromic oxide, sodium sulfate and nitrogen gas. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexavalent Chromium
Definition 1:
Oxidation state of chromium with an oxidation number of +6; a coordination number of 4 and tetrahedral geometry. [40 CFR 749.68 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 6.[40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Sodium Chromate
Definition:
Na2CrO4. It is produced by roasting chromite ore in a rotary kiln. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Sodium Dichromate
Definition:
Sodium bichromate or sodium bichromate dihydrate and is known technically as sodium dichromate dihydrate (Na2Cr2O7 • 2H2O). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium chromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Trivalent Chromium
Definition:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 3. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Lead
Definition 1:
A heavy metal that is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy toxic bluish-white metallic element that is highly malleable; occurs principally as galena and is used in alloys, accumulators, cable sheaths, paints, and as a radiation shield. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Elemental lead or alloys in which the predominant component is lead. [40 CFR 60.121 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 60.121a (CFR 2024)]
Definition 4:
Pb [40 CFR 53.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Manganese
Definition:
An element designated by the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steel. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
- Molybdenum
Definition:
Total molybdenum. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
+
Nonferrous Metal
Definition 1:
Any pure metal other than iron or any metal alloy for which an element other than iron is its major constituent by percent in weight. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.10906 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Pure metal other than iron or any metal alloy for which a metal other than iron is its major constituent in percent by weight. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Nonmagnetic metals such as aluminum, lead, and copper. Products made from nonferrous metals include containers and packaging such as beverage cans, food and other nonfood cans; nonferrous metals found in appliances, furniture, electronic equipment; and nonpackaging aluminum products (foil, closures, and lids from bimetal cans). Excludes lead-acid batteries and nonferrous metals from industrial applications and construction and demolition debris. (U.S. EPA, 1996b)[Recycling – State and Local Glossary]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Precious Metals
Definition 1:
Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum group metals. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
Definition 2:
Gold, silver, or platinum group metals and the principal alloys of those metals. [40 CFR 466.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Gold, platinum, palladium and silver and their alloys. Any alloy containing 30 or greater percent by weight of precious metals is considered a precious metal. [40 CFR 468.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 4:
Gold, platinum, palladium, and silver and their alloys. Any alloy containing 30 or greater percent by weight of precious metals is considered a precious metal alloy. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 5:
Gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. [40 CFR 421.261 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 6:
Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum group metals. [Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Glossary]
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Rare Earth Metals
Definition:
Elements scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum to lutetium, inclusive. [40 CFR 421.271 (CFR 2013)]
- Mischmetal
Definition:
Rare earth metal alloy comprised of the natural mixture of rare earths to about 94-99 percent. The balance of the alloy includes traces of other elements and one to two percent iron. [40 CFR 421.271 (CFR 2013)]
- Refractory Metals
Definition:
Metals of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten and vanadium and their alloys. [40 CFR 471.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Silver and Silver Compounds
Definition:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains silver as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
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Steel
Definition:
An iron-base alloy containing carbon, manganese, and often other alloying elements. Steel is defined here to include only those iron-carbon alloys containing less than 1.2 percent carbon by weight. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Carbon Steel
Definition 1:
Steel that contains approximately 2 percent or less carbon, 1.65 percent or less manganese, 0.6 percent or less silicon, and 0.6 percent or less copper. [40 CFR 63.1156 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Steel products other than specialty steel products. [40 CFR 420.71 (CFR 2013)]
- High-Strength Steel
Definition:
Steel with tensile strength at or above 350 MPa. [86 FR 34308; 40 CFR 1037.801 (CFR 2021)]
- Leaded Steel
Definition:
Steel that must meet a minimum specification for lead content (typically 0.25 percent or more) and for which lead is a necessary alloy for that grade of steel. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
- Specialty Steel
Definition 1:
Category of steel that includes silicon electrical, alloy, tool, and stainless steels. [40 CFR 63.1156 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Low carbon and high alloy steel other than stainless steel that is processed in an argon-oxygen decarburization vessel. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 3:
Steel products containing alloying elements which are added to enhance the properties of the steel product when individual alloying elements (e.g., aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium) exceed 3% or the total of all alloying elements exceed 5%. [40 CFR 420.71]
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Stainless Steel
Definition:
Low carbon steel that contains at least 10.5 percent chromium. [40 CFR 63.10692 (CFR 2013)]
- 300 Series Stainless Steel
Definition:
Any stainless steel alloy with a Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys number designated from S30100 to S39000. For all instances in this part where we specify 300 series stainless steel, such parts must also have a smooth inner-wall construction. We recommend an average roughness, R a, no greater than 4 µm. [40 CFR 1065.1001 (CFR 2013)]
- Steel Basis Material
Definition:
Cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, and chrome, nickel and tin coated steel which are processed in coil coating. [40 CFR 465.02 (CFR 2013)]
- Titanium
+
Transition Element
Definition:
Metallic elements in which the members have the filling of the outermost shell to 8 electrons interrupted to bring the penultimate shell from 8 to 18 or 32 electrons; includes elements 21 through 29 (scandium through copper), 39 through 47 (yttrium through silver), 57 through 79 (lanthanum through gold), and all known elements from 89 (actinium) on. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
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Cadmium
Definition 1:
Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. It is usually found as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals like zinc, lead, and copper. Cadmium does not corrode easily and has many uses, including batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal used primarily for metal plating and coating operations, in applications such as transportation equipment, machinery and baking enamels, photography, and television phosphors. It also is used in nickel-cadmium and solar batteries, and in pigments. It also is found in cigarette smoke and is an important hazardous air pollutant.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 3:
Chemical element used in making certain types of solar cells and batteries. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
- Cadmium Telluride
Definition:
Polycrystalline thin-film photovoltaic material. .[DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Solar Energy Glossary]
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Chromium
Definition 1:
A hard grey metallic element that takes a high polish, occurring principally in chromite: used in steel alloys and electroplating to increase hardness and corrosion-resistance. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. [Childrens Health Protection Glossary]
Definition 3:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [America's Children and the Environment Terms]
Definition 4:
Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 5:
A heavy metal that is an important hazardous air pollutant. (See "heavy metals.") It is used for making steel, dyes and pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preservation. [ACE Glossary of Terms]
- Chromated Copper Arsenate
Definition 1:
A water-borne preservative containing active ingredients that are inorganic metal oxides, or less frequently salts, and are commonly used to treat dimensional lumber and telephone poles. [RCRA Glossary of Terms]
Definition 2:
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenic (CCA) is used to make "pressure-treated" lumber. CCA is no longer used in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides, primarily on cotton plants. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 3:
Chemical wood preservative consisting of mixtures of water-soluble chemicals containing metal oxides of chromium, copper, and arsenic. CCA is used in pressure treated wood to protect wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. [40 CFR 63.11433 (CFR 2013)]
- Chromic Acid
Definition 1:
Chromium trioxide (CrO3). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium dichromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Common name for chromium anhydride (CrO3). [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Chromic Oxide
Definition:
Cr2O3. In the production of chromic oxide, ammonium sulfate and sodium dichromate that have been concentrated by evaporation are mixed and fed to a rotary roasting kiln to produce chromic oxide, sodium sulfate and nitrogen gas. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Hexavalent Chromium
Definition 1:
Oxidation state of chromium with an oxidation number of +6; a coordination number of 4 and tetrahedral geometry. [40 CFR 749.68 (CFR 2013)]
Definition 2:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 6.[40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
- Sodium Chromate
Definition:
Na2CrO4. It is produced by roasting chromite ore in a rotary kiln. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Sodium Dichromate
Definition:
Sodium bichromate or sodium bichromate dihydrate and is known technically as sodium dichromate dihydrate (Na2Cr2O7 • 2H2O). It is produced by the electrolytic reaction or acidification of sodium chromate. [40 CFR 63.11412 (CFR 2013)]
- Trivalent Chromium
Definition:
Form of chromium in a valence state of + 3. [40 CFR 63.341 (CFR 2018)]
+
Copper and Copper Compounds
Definition 1:
A chemical element; one of the most important nonferrous metals; a ductile and malleable metal found in various ores and used in industry, engineering, and the arts in both pure and alloyed form. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains copper as part of that chemical's infrastructure. This category does not include copper phthalocyanine compounds that are substituted with only hydrogen, and/or chlorine, and/or bromine. [TRI Glossary]
- Anode Copper
Definition:
Copper that is cast into anodes and refined in an electrolytic process to produce high purity copper. [40 CFR 63.11158 (CFR 2013)]
- Copper Matte
Definition:
Material predominately composed of copper and iron sulfides produced by smelting copper ore concentrates. [40 CFR 63.1459 (CFR 2013)][40 CFR 63.11151 (CFR 2013)] [40 CFR 63.1459 (CFR 2024)]
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Iron
Definition 1:
A metallic element found in certain minerals, in nearly all soils, and in mineral waters. It has the atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. [NIH Genetics Home Reference Glossary]
Definition 2:
A malleable ductile silvery-white ferromagnetic metallic element occurring principally in haematite and magnetite. It is widely used for structural and engineering purposes. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Beach Iron
+
Cast Iron
Definition:
An iron containing carbon in excess of the solubility in the austentite that exists in the alloy at the eutectic temperature. Cast iron also is defined here to include any iron-carbon alloys containing 1.2 percent or more carbon by weight. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Gray Iron
Definition:
A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of flake graphite. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Direct-Reduced Iron
Definition:
Iron produced by reduction of iron ore (pellets or briquettes) using gaseous (carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide, hydrogen) or solid reactants. [40 CFR 420.131 (CFR 2013)]
- Ductile Iron
Definition:
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with a master alloy containing an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherules, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Malleable Iron
Definition:
A cast iron made by a prolonged anneal of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. Graphite is present in the form of temper carbon. [40 CFR 464.31 (CFR 2013)]
+
Molten Iron
Definition:
Iron produced in a blast furnace as measured at the blast furnace, and may include relatively minor amounts of blast furnace slag that may be skimmed from the molten iron at the steelmaking shop or other location remote from the blast furnace. [40 CFR 420.31 (CFR 2013)]
- Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Definition 1:
Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. [Terms of Environment]
Definition 2:
A heavy silvery-white toxic liquid metallic element occurring principally in cinnabar: used in thermometers, barometers, mercury-vapour lamps, and dental amalgams. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
Metallic Mercury is a dense liquid that vaporizes easily at room temperature. Metallic mercury is not easily absorbed into unbroken skin. However, it vaporizes, even at room temperature. The higher the temperature, the more vapors are released. Mercury vapors are colorless and odorless, though they can be seen with the aid of an ultraviolet light. Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams and ointments. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
Definition 4:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 5:
Element mercury, excluding any associated elements, and includes mercury in particulates, vapors, aerosols, and compounds. [40 CFR 61.51 (CFR 2013)]]
Definition 6:
Mercury is an element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury is often associated with coal deposits. [USGS Energy Resources Program Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 7:
A heavy metal that is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. The organic form of mercury, methylmercury, bioaccumulates in ecosystems and can cause adverse effects on children exposed before birth or adults at higher concentrations. The largest human-generated source of mercury emissions in the United States is the burning of coal. Other sources include the combustion of waste and industrial processes that use mercury.[ACE Glossary of Terms]
Definition 8:
Includes any unique chemical substance that contains mercury as part of that chemical's infrastructure. [TRI Glossary]
- Nickel
Definition 1:
A malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that is strong and corrosion-resistant, occurring principally in pentlandite and niccolite: used in alloys, especially in toughening steel, in electroplating, and as a catalyst in organic synthesis. (Source: CED) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 2:
Total nickel. [40 CFR 437.2 (CFR 2013)]
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Uranium
Definition 1:
A heavy silvery-white metallic element, highly radioactive and easily oxidized. Of the 14 known isotopes of uranium, U238 is the most abundant in nature. [USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Glossary]
Definition 2:
Uranium (chemical symbol U, atomic number 92) is a silvery metallic element in the actinide series. The heaviest naturally occurring element, uranium is nearly twice as dense as lead and weakly radioactive. It occurs naturally in low concentrations (a few parts per million) in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[USGS Energy Glossary & Acronym List]
Definition 3:
A naturally radioactive element with the atomic number of 92 (number of protons in nucleus) and an atomic weight of approximately 238. The two principal naturally occurring isotopes are the fissionable U-235 (0.7% of natural uranium) and the fertile U-238 (99.3% of natural uranium). [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
- Uranium-235
Definition:
A naturally-occurring isotope of uranium. U-235 can be concentrated in a process called “enrichment,” making it suitable for use in nuclear reactors or weapons. [CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response at http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/isotopes/uranium.asp]
- Uranium-238
Definition:
The most abundant naturally-occurring uranium isotope.
- Zinc
Definition:
Zinc is one of the most common elements in the earth's crust. It is found in air, soil, and water, and is present in all foods. Pure zinc is a bluish-white shiny metal. Zinc has many commercial uses as coatings to prevent rust, in dry cell batteries, and mixed with other metals to make alloys like brass, and bronze. [CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxic Substances Portal]
- Transuranic Elements
Definition:
Elements with atomic numbers higher than uranium (92). For example, plutonium and americium are transuranics. [Glossary Compare]
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Noncarboxylic Acids and Salts
Definition:
Inorganic acids or salts with a non metal, other than carbon, attached to hydrogen, or an acid radical containing no carbon. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Boric Acids
Definition:
Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Carbonic Acid
Definition 1:
(H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 2:
CASRN 463-79-6
+
Hydrochloric Acid and Salts
Definition:
A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water; a poisonous, pungent liquid forming a constant-boiling mixture at 20% concentration in water; widely used as a reagent, in organic synthesis, in acidizing oil wells, ore reduction, food processing, and metal cleaning and pickling. Also known as muriatic acid. (Source: MGH) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
- Alkali Chlorides
- Calcium Chloride
Definition:
A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, Calcium Chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. (NCI04) [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Magnesium Chloride
Definition:
Inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [MeSH]
- Potassium Chloride
- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Cl-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sodium Chloride
Definition:
Table salt. A metal halide composed of sodium and chloride with sodium and chloride replacement capabilities. When depleted in the body, sodium must be replaced in order to maintain intracellular osmolarity, nerve conduction, muscle contraction and normal renal function. [National Cancer Institute Thesaurus]
- Tetramethyl Ammonium Chloride
Definition:
C4H12ClN. A quaternary ammonium salt and high production volume chemical with multiple uses.
- Hydrocyanic Acid
Definition:
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.[NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Monomethylarsenic Acid
Definition:
Molecular formula CH5AsO3; Molecular weight 139.9702 g/mol. White hygroscopic solid is various forms. [NLM PubChem Open Chemistry Database]
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Nitric Acid
Definition 1:
A highly reactive oxidizing agent obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulfuric acid. [NOAA Paleoclimatology Climate Glossary]
Definition 2:
Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
Definition 3:
HNO3 [40 CFR 58.1 (CFR 2013)]
- Weak Nitric Acid
Definition:
Acid which is 30 to 70 percent in strength.[40 CFR 60.71a (CFR 2013)]
+
Phosphonic Acid Salt
Definition:
Salt of alkyl or aryl derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). [Adapted from NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Glyphosate
Definition 1:
CASRN: 1071-83-6 is a non-selective herbicide registered for use on many food and non-food field crops as well as non-crop areas where total vegetation control is desired. [NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank]
Definition 2:
CASRN 1071-83-6
- Phosphoric Acid
Definition:
Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). [NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)]
- Sulfuric Acid
Definition:
An acid that can be produced in the atmosphere from sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that results from the burning of fossil fuels. [Acid Rain Glossary]
+
Silicates
Definition:
Refers to the chemical unit silicon tetroxide, SiO4, the fundamental building block of silicate minerals. Silicate minerals make up most rocks we see at the Earth's surface. [USGS Geology in the Parks Glossary]
+
Asbestos
Definition 1:
A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted the use of asbestos in manufacturing and construction. [Environmental Issues Glossary]
Definition 2:
Generic name for a group of fibrous mineral silicates. It includes blue asbestos (crocidolite), white asbestos (chrysotile) and brown asbestos (amosite). After they are mined the asbestos fibres are separated from the rock and are spun into a cloth. When inhaled the fibres penetrate the lungs and the tissues of the bronchial tubes, resulting in asbestosis, a crippling lung disease. Asbestos also causes cancer of the lung and the gastro-intestinal tract, and mesothelioma, a malignant cancer of the inner lining of the chest. However, because it is a poor conductor of electricity and highly resistant to heat it has been widely used over the years in fire-fighting suits, and building and insulating materials. The fibrous form of several silicate minerals, at one time widely used for electrical and thermal insulation; the use of all forms of asbestos is now either banned or strictly controlled in many countries since it causes cancer. (Source: WRIGHT / ALL) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
The asbestiform varieties of serpentinite (chrysotile), riebeckite (crocidolite), cummingtonitegrunerite, anthophyllite, and actinolite-tremolite. (40 CFR 61.141) [DOE Glossary of Terms Related to CERCLA, EPCRA, PPA, RCRA and TSCA at http://homer.ornl.gov/sesa/environment/guidance/cercla/gloss97.pdf]
Definition 4:
A group of naturally occurring minerals that separate into long, thin fibers. Asbestos was used for many years to insulate and fireproof buildings. In the 1989 CBECS, information on asbestos in buildings was collected (Section R of the Buildings Questionnaire) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Asbestos treatment methods include removal, encapsulation or sealing, and enclosure behind a permanent barrier. [DOE Energy Information Administration Glossary]
Definition 5:
A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction. [Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Glossary]
Definition 6:
Asbestiform varieties of: Chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cum- mingtonitegrunerite); anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite. [40 CFR 763.83 (CFR 2013)]
- Actinolite
Definition:
Mineral in the amphibole group. It is generally not used commercially, but is a common impurity in chrysotile asbestos. [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Amosite
Definition:
Brown asbestos
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Amphibole
Definition:
Group of double chain silicate minerals. [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Anthophyllite
Definition:
Type of asbestos in the amphibole group; it is also known as azbolen asbestos.[Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Asbestos Dust
- Chrysotile
Definition:
White asbestos
- Chrysotile Asbestos
Definition:
Asbestiform variety of a hydrated magnesium silicate mineral, with relatively long and flexible crystalline fibers that are capable of being woven. [40 CFR 751.503 (CFR 2024)]
- Crocidolite
Definition:
Blue Asbestos
- Libby Amphibole Asbestos
Definition:
The term used in this document to identify the mixture of amphibole mineral fibers of varying elemental composition (e.g., winchite, richterite, tremolite, etc.) that have been identified in the Rainy Creek complex near Libby, MT, as described in Meeker et al. (2003). [Asbestos Terms and Acronyms]
- Zeolites
Definition:
A group of hydrous aluminosilicate minerals containing sodium, calcium, potassium or other alkali or alkaline earth elements, which typically have an open crystal structure. These minerals are widely used in chemical processes for their cation exchange capabilities. [EPA Abandoned Mite Site Characterization and Cleanup Handbook; Appendix A: Acronym List and Glossary of Mining Terms at http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/pdfs/appendix.pdf]
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Water
Definition 1:
The liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas; and is a major constituent of all living matter and that is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0 degrees Celcius ( 32 degrees... F) and boils at 100 degrees Celcius (212 degrees F). [Web Taxonomy-Environmental Media Topics]
Definition 2:
Common liquid (H2O) which forms rain, rivers, the sea, etc., and which makes up a large part of the bodies of organisms. (Source: PHC) [GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus]
Definition 3:
A colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid compound of hydrogen and oxygen. The liquid form of steam and ice. Fresh water at atmospheric pressure is used as a standard for describing the relative density of liquids, the standard for liquid capacity, and the standard for fluid flow. The melting and boiling points of water are the basis for the Celsius temperature system. Water is the only byproduct of the combination of hydrogen and oxygen and is produced during the burning of any hydrocarbon. Water is the only substance that expands on freezing as well as by heating and has a maximum density at 4°C. [DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Glossary]
- Saline Water
Definition:
Water that contains significant amounts of dissolved solids. Here are our parameters for saline water: Fresh water - Less than 1,000 parts per million (ppm); Slightly saline water - From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm; Moderately saline water - From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm; Highly saline water - From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm. [USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms]
- Surface Moisture
Definition:
Water that is not chemically bound to a metallic mineral or metallic mineral concentrate.[40 CFR 60.381 (CFR 2013)]
- Isomer
Definition: An individual compound with a common structure (dioxin, furan, or biphenyl), only differing by the position of chlorine atoms attached to the structure. [40 CFR 63.11426 (2023)]
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